©farljfra ilanual 



The New 
Educational Course 

IN 

Constructive Design 



BY 

EDITH PHELPS 

OIBECrrOB OF AKT, SOUTH BEND, INDIANA. 
AND 

MABEL ARBUCKLE 

TEACHER HIGH SCHOOL ART, SOUTH BEND, INDIANA 



SCOTT, FORESMAN AND COMPANY 

NEW YORK CHICAGO 



V-J 






a'-M^mmm 



PRINCIPLES and PRACTICE 
of ELEMENTARY DRAWING 

By 
AABEL BROWNING SOPER 

Director of Art, State Normal School 
Bridgewater, Massachusetts 



A NORAAL SCHOOL TEXTBOOK, embody- 
ing the fundamental principles of the teaching of 
Art in the Elementary Public Schools. 

The subjects treated are : 

I. DESIGN — including picture study and lettering. 

II. REPRESENTATION — 1. Nature (Plant) Draw- 

ing. 2. Animal and ''Pose" Drawing. 3. Object 
Drawing, including composition and perspective. 

III. AECHANICAL DRAWING— including diagrams, 

and " working drawings." 

IV. COLOR THEORY — developing sense perception 

to select, reproduce, and combine colors harmon- 
iously. 

This material has been successfully used as a 
basis for class demonstration, instruction by the 
teacher, and for home study by the pupils. A 
study of the text will not fail to create a deeper 
sense of observation and aesthetic appreciation. 

The Illustrations — 42 in all — include work of 
Normal Students and professional artists, as veil 
as reproductions of the great masterpieces. 



Bound in Half Cloth, M8 Pages. Price $1.50 



3cott, Foresman and Company 



CHICAGO 

623 South^Wabash Avenue 



NEW YORK 
460 Fourth Avenue 



n 



®farl|?ra manual 



The New 
Educational Course 



IN 



Constructive Design 



BY 

EDITH PHELPS 

DIBECrrOR OF ART, SOUTH BKND, INDIANA 
AND 

MABEL ARBUCKLE 

TEACHER HIGH SCHOOL ART, SOUTH BEKD, INDIANA 



SCOTT, FORESMAN AND C031PANY 

NEW YORK CHICAGO 






Copyright 1915 

BY 

Scott, Foresman and Company 



CI,A410893 



OCT -7 1915 



PREFACE 

In this course of art instruction the aim of the authors hasJ 
been to develop naturahstic drawing into design, and to apply it 
to construction work, in the belief that the realistic is valuable in 
so far as it is developed and applied in this larger way. The 
study of design is the foundation for the cultivation of artistic, 
creative, and critical ability and through this cultivation, judg- 
ment will be strengthened and appreciation developed. 

Only through demand comes supply, and when j^ublic appre- 
ciation and good taste are developed the productive activity will 
be vastly improved. A training in the principles of design and 
good w^orkmanship — accomplished through construction work and 
the application of design — will produce not only intelligent buyers 
but skilled and artistic workers in the industries. These results 
can never come from rendering drawings from nature or models 
alone. 

Constructive design has a disciplinary, practical, and educa- 
tional value, making an actual connection between the work of the 
school and its application in the home and the world of industry. 
The average individual is so trained in the larger principles of 
art that he is able understandingly to apply them, and by so doing 
increase the efficiency of his social and industrial life. 

To minimize the expense of equipment for this work in the 
average school the authors have endeavored to simplify materials 
and tools required, suggesting as much material as possible from 
the home. Pupils thus furnishing some of their own equipment 
feel an added sense of responsibility and appreciation. It is 
rightly said that "the interest of the child is the greatest factor 
in the process of education," and the interest can only be instilled 
when a student knows that his work is for a real purpose, that it 
is to be put to the test of application in his everj^daj^ life. 

Edith Phelps. 
Mabel Arbuckle. 



CONTENTS 

Preface . 1 

List of Materials axd Firm Addresses 4 

General Directions 5 

Grade One 9 

Grade Two 16 

Grade Three 21 

Grade Four 26 

Grade Fia^e 32 

Grade Six 88 

Grade Seven 43 

Grade Eight 51 

High School 59 



LIST OF MATERIALS AND FIRM ADDRESSES 



TONED PAPEES 
Scott, Foresman & Co., 623 S. Wabash 

Ave., Chicago. 
The Thomas Charles Co., Chicago. 
Conrow Bros., 33 Beekman St., New York. 
Henry Liiidenmeyr & Sons, 32-36 Bleecker 

St.,' New York. 
The Central Ohio Paper Co., Columbus, O. 

BEOWN PAPEES 

^'Ckaft" and '^Anti-Eust" 

Coy, Hunt & Co., Fourth and Lafayette 
Sts., New York. 

IMPOETED HAND MADE PAPEES 
J^ipan Paper Co., 109 E. 31st St., New 
York. 

BOOKBINDEES' BOAED NO. 30 
Local Book Bindery. 

BOOK CLOTH 

Gane Bros. & Co., 610-618 Federal St., 

Chicago. 
Irving G. Banghart & Co., 327 La Salle 

St., Chicago. 

LEATHEE 
Louis De Jonge, 71 Duane St., New York. 
Gane Bros. & Co., 610-618 Federal St., 

Chicago. 
W. A. Hall, 119 Beach St., Boston, Mass. 
Eichard Young Co., 36-58 Spruce St., New 

York. 

PASTE 

Sphinx Paste 

Arabol Mfg. Co., 100 William St., New 
York. 

FiSHART Dry Paste 

Irving G. Banghart & Co., 327 La Salle 
St., Chicago. 

BOOKBINDING SUPPLIES 

Super 

Tape 

LixEX Thread No. 30 and -No. 40 

Needles 

Head Bands 

Paste Brushes No. 1 

Bone Folders 

Skiving and Stencil Knives 

Irvincr G. Banghart & Co., 327 La Salle 

St.. Cjiicfio-o. 



GLUE (IN TUBES) 
GUMMED TAPE 
Dennison Mfg. Co., 15 John St., New 
York; 62 E. Eandolph St., Chicago. 

EYELETS— EYELET PUNCH 

SNAP FASTENEES 

SETTING TOOL 

Irving G. Banghart & Co., 327 La Salle 

St., Chicago. 
Orr & Lockett Hardware Co., 14 W. Ean- 
dolph St., Chicago. 

KEPPEL BOOKLETS 
Fred Keppel, 4 E. 39th St., New York. 

STICK FEINTING SUPPLIES 

The Waldcraft Co., 1625 N. Delaware St., 
Indianapolis, Ind. 

TEMPEEA COLOES 

The Waldcraft Co., 1625 N. Delaware St., 

Indianapolis, Ind. 
A. H. Abbott & Co., 127 N. Wabash Ave., 

Chicago. 

STEEL EULEES— HAMMEES 

SEWING FEAMES 

Irving G. Banghart & Co., Chicago. 
Orr & Lockett Hardware Co., Chicago. 

STEEL EULEES— HAMMEES 
KNIVES— PASTE BEUSHES 
Hammacher-Schlemmer & Co., 4th Ave. and 
12th St., New York. 

SEWING FEAMES— PEESSES 
W. 0. Hickok Mfg. Co., Harrisburg, Pa. 

METAL AND METAL EQUIPMENT 

William Dixon, 39 John St., New York. 

The Thos. K. Lewis Co., 1534 N. High St., 
Columbus, Ohio. 

Orr & Lockett Hardware Co., 14 W. Ean- 
dolph St., Chicago. 

EEED 

American Eeed & Eattan Co., cor. Norman 
and Kingsland Aves., Brooklyn, N. Y. 

EEED AND EAFFIA 
The Thomas Charles Co., Chicago. 



4 



GENERAL DIRECTIONS 

COMPOSITION 

Marginal Spacing. The proportionate width of margins 
in relation to each other should be as follows : Vertical Rectan- 
gle, bottom margin widest, side margin narrowest, top margin 
medium; Horizontal Rectangle, bottom margin widest, side 
margin medium, top margin narrowest. The proportion of width 
of margins should be approximately as 5 is to 7; as 7 is to 11. 

In placing material upon a page, whether drawing, design, or 
wi'iting, remember that the optical center is above the real center 
of the page. For this reason all bottom margins are widest; 
otherwise the material would seem to be slipping off the page. 
In a drawing, the center of interest should be near this optical 
center. 

Color Theory. This Course in Constructive Design, for 
its successful completion, involves a knowledge of color, the study 
of which should begin in the first grade. This study of color 
should correlate with the course through the grades and high 
school. As a working basis, the following outline, which can be 
elaborated upon according to the judgment of the teacher, is 
suggested : 

Grade One, Primary Colors. 
Grade Two, Primary and Bimary Colors. 
Grade Three, Values, Normals, and Tints. 
Grade Four, Normals, Tints, and Shades. 
Grade Five, Hues — Complementary Harmonies. 
Grade Six, Monochromatic Harmonies — Analogous Har- 
monies. 

Grade Seven, One-half Neutralized Harmonies. 
Grade Eight, Three-quarters Neutralized Harmonies. 

High School, Triad Harmonies; Split Complementary Har- 
monies. Values in steps from white to black. Review comple- 
mentary, analogous, and monochromatic harmonies. 

Application of Design. Crayons are excellent to use in 
the lower grades, as they are clean and can be handled easily by. 

5 



6 CONSTRUCTIVE DESIGN 

younger students, especially in the adaptation of small motifs. 
Water colors may be used on light toned papers. 

In using water colors, apply to small motifs only, as it is 
almost impossible for the average student to place an even wash 
on a large surface with water color. 

If the design is large, water color may be mixed with tem- 
perine. This combination makes an opaque color, which produces 
a smooth even wash. 

Fresco colors are excellent to use for design, and they are 
very inexpensive. They may be purchased in powder form and 
mixed with water in quantities desired. Tempera colors are most 
desirable for decorative use. The color is luminous and the tex- 
ture exquisite. Thej^ can be used on any value of paper. 

MULES FOB CONSTEUCTION 

Pasting. With a flat brush one inch wide, spread paste 
quickly and evenly over the entire surface to be adhered. Use 
only enough paste for holding purposes. 

The Fishart dry paste is excellent and can be used by mixing 
in quantities desired with cold water. The Sphinx paste is inex- 
pensive, good, and will keep indefinitely. It has the added advan- 
tage of being already mixed. Sphinx paste is excellent to use in 
leather problems, as it will not stain the leather. 

In attaching paper to cardboards, spread paste on paper. In 
attaching book cloth to cardboard, spread paste on cardboard to 
prevent the soaking and stretching of the book cloth. In attach- 
ing linen or cloth covers to cardboard, spread paste on cardboard 
quickly, as cardboard absorbs the moisture rapidly. After 
attaching paper or cloth, turn to right side and with palm of 
hand, iron out all wrinkles, air bubbles, or other imperfections. 

In pasting, use a generous supply of clean scrap paper upon 
which to paste, changing to a clean and dry paper each time a 
problem is turned. This is the only way to insure neatness in 
pasting, and if this process is not carefully adhered to the prob- 
lem will be ruined, for it is impossible to remove paste without 
leaving a mark. Unprinted newspaper or wrapping paper is 
the cheapest and best scrap paper to use. If it is not possible to 
have either of these, use printed newspapers, being very careful, 
however, that the ink does not rub off on the problem. 

Corner Turning. There are two methods of corner turn- 
ing: 

Corner 1. Fold corner of cover paper at right angles to edge 
over to back of cardboard. Spread this right angle triangle with 



GRADE ONE 7 

paste and turn margins attached to back of cardboard. See illus- 
tration Plate Six, Grade Three. 

Corner 2. Cut corner of cover paper off diagonally ^ from 
corner of cardboard. Fold over top margin. Turn in small extra 
V-shaped piece to side margin. Fold side margin to back of 
cover board. 

Edge Plane. In pasting to edges of cardboards, remember 
that the edge is a flat surface, a plane to which the cover is to be 
pasted as carefully as to a large surface. 

With bone folder, turn over cover against edge, keeping a 
sharp line at turn. Paste to edge plane. Turn again on sharp 
line to other side. 

Wherever there is an edge plane to be covered be most careful 
to show definitely that it is a plane. This insures a workmanlike 
finish. 

Scoring. With round edge of scissors, score lines on paper 
before folding. With sharp point of knife score cardboard half 
way through and bend only to a right angle, with scored line on 
outside of bend. 

Pressing. Use boards between all problems in pressing, as 
problems are of different sizes, and will become bent or marred 
unless protected in this manner. To insure good results, all parts 
must be pressed until dry. 

equipment necessary fob elementary book binding 

Individual Equipment. 

1. Steel ruler (measuring to 1/32'^). 

2. German paring knife. 

3. Bone folder. 

4. Scissors. 

5. Paste brush. 

6. Large sheet of cardboard to place on desk or table for 

protection. 

7. Paste and glue. 

8. Clean scrap paper (upon which to paste). 

9. Needles, thread, and tape. 
10. Hammer. 

General Equipment. 

1. Press. 

2. Pressing boards. 

3. Sewing frames. 



8 CONSTRUCTIVE DESIGN 

THE BOOK 

When a book comes out of press it has a certain number of 
pages in a section. A section is a certain number of folded sheets 
placed one within the other. Four double sheets make a section 
in an octavo book. This is the form now generally used. The 
size is about 5''x7J'^ 

• Illustrations are pasted in the section separately, two double 
sheets and two stubs, or four double sheets. Each section is num- 
bered. The number appears on the first page of each section and 
is called a signature. 

When ruling paper for cutting never use a pencil. Take 
measurements with point of knife, place steel ruler and cut from 
farther edge toward one. Hold ruler firmly down with left hand 
and cut a steady true edge. 

Fold down center of sheet, creasing with bone folder. Place 
sheets one within the other until section is complete, then hammer 
well. When all sections are hammered, place one on top of the 
other. 

The top of the book is called the head; the bottom, the tail; 
the front, the fore edge; the back, the back and the sides, the 
covers. 

Knock up the head and back of book against table, letting 
any irregularity go to the fore edge and tail. Place in press. 



Constructive Design 



GRADE ONE 



Plate Oxe 

flowee postees 

Fig. 1. Daffodil. Cut out pattern of circle as in diagram. 
Place on yellow paper. Trace around and cut out. Fold so 
as to cut daffodil with six petals. Cut piece of yellow crei)e 
paper Vx2^'\ Overlap short edges and paste together for the 
cup. Paste cup in the center of petals. Pull out the top of the 
crepe paper cup to form a wrinkled edge. Cut stems and leaf 
of green paper and paste to flower. JMount daffodil on 6''x9" 
bogus paper. 

Fig. 2. Sunflower with yellow petals and brown center. 
Make border of sunflowers for the schoolroom decoration. Have 
for the background a fence made of long brown strips of paper. 

Fig. 3. Jonquil with white petals and yellow^ center, edged 
with orange. 

In the fall and spring the room may be decorated with bor- 
ders of appropriate flowers: Sunflower for September, golden- 
rod and thistle for October, etc. 

Plate Tavo 

vegetable and fevit figuees 

Free Hand Cuttings from Vegetables and Fruits. Chil- 
dren should have before them a large number of vegetables and 
fruits for study in free hand cutting. After suflicient skill has 
been gained in this work, combine the free hand cuttings of fruits 
and vegetables in such a way as to make a figure. Use toned 
papers, or color the manila j)aper with crayons. Draw the hair 
and features with crayons. 

Fig. 1. Use free hand cutting of an onion for the head, a 
cucumber for the body, string beans for the arms, and lima beans 

9 



10 CONSTRUCTIVE DESIGN 

for the legs. Thread needle with string used double. Put knot 
at end, insert needle through the parts to be attached, and finish 
with a knot, as in illustration. (Staples could be used instead 
of the string to fasten the arms and legs to the body.) Attach 
string in the back, so that some action is shown by pulling it. 
(See sketch.) 

Fig. 2 is made of the freehand cuttings of an apple, an ear 
of corn, apple leaves, and string beans. 

Let children make original figures. The pumpkin and squash 
adapt themselves nicely to this kind of work. 

Plate Three 

bhythm designs 

Fig. 1. Paper Parasol. Cut out two bogus paper circles, 
one 3'' and the other 2'\ and one bogus paper oblong 1 J'' x 7''. 
Make a rhythmic border with colored crayons on edge of large 
circle. Cut on radius of each circle ; overlap one inch, and paste. 
Place paste on edge of small circle, and attach to large circle as 
in Fig. 1. Roll handle from the oblong, making the top a trifle 
smaller than the bottom, and paste. Slip handle through the 
center of the two circles. 

Fig. 2. Cloth Parasol. Cut a 6'" white muslin circle, a 
5'^ white muslin circle, and a 4j'' cardboard circle. Use a No. 4 
reed or a skewer as the handle, and a brass-headed tack as fas- 
tener. Fringe edge of 6'' circle. Add rhythmic border with 
crayons. Paste cardboard lining on back of 6'' circle. Cover 
cardboard with 5'^ muslin circle. Tack handle to center of circle. 

Fig. 3. Sunbonnet. Cut out 5'" white muslin circle, 4J'' 
bogus paper semicircle, and 4^^' white muslin semicircle. Dec- 
orate the edge of one-half of the muslin circle with a border. 
Paste bogus paper lining on back of decorated semicircle. Cover 
bogus paper w^th the 4|'' muslin semicircle. Gather loose half of 
the 5'' muslin circle with needle and thread to form back. Sew 
on the strings. 

Plate Four 

fuenitube 

Fig. 1. Chair. Use 6''x6'' paper. Fold into sixteen 
squares. Dictation: Fold lower edge to upper edge. Unfold. 
Fold lower edge to middle crease. Unfold. Fold upper edge to 
middle crease. Unfold. Tupjq paper with the creases running 



GRADE ONE 11 

up and down. Fold lower edge to upper edge. Unfold. Fold 
lower edge to middle crease. Unfold. Fold upper edge to middle 
crease. Unfold. Cut off two strips to leave a square 4J'' x 4J''. 
Cut on the heavy lines of this square as indicated in Fig. 1. Fold 
into chair form and paste. Always paste the corner squares first, 
covering one entire square with paste. Cut openings on the back 
and sides as in small black figure. 

Fig. 2. Table. 9''x9'' paper. Fold into sixteen squares. 
Cut one strip of four squares off, making an oblong. Cut on 
heavy lines of oblong as indicated in Fig. 2. Paste corner squares 
together leaving middle square extended. Cut off a part of each 
end as the extension is too long. Cut openings on each end and 
the sides. From the strip of four squares cut off, make a shelf 
for lower part of table and paste to each end. 

Fig. 3. Desk. 9'' x 9"' paper. Fold into sixteen squares. 
Cut out four squares and fold into sixteen small squares. (The 
crosses indicate the unused squares. ) Cut along the heavy lines of 
the sixteen small squares and fold on the dotted lines to make the 
legs. Then fold on the two side creases to form sides of the 
desk. Notice that the legs are made double so that the desk will 
stand secureh". From the remainder of the paper, cut on the 
heavy lines and fold on the dotted lines to form front of desk. 
Paste as indicated. 

Fig. 4. Clock. 6V' x 8'" paper. The face and pendulum 
are made separately and pasted on. For children without kinder- 
garten training, it is better to hectograph pattern of clock. 

Fig. 5. Cradle. 6''x9'' paper. Hold paper with short 
edge in front. Fold lower edge to upper edge. Cut on crease. 
Fold lower edge to upper edge of one piece, making an oblong 
2^'' X 6'\ Cut two slits on fold as indicated in drawing. Cut 2 
squares 3'' x 3'' from remainder of paper for ends of cradle. Cut 
two slits and curve the corners. Intersect ends in cradle. Do 
not paste. 

Cover 9''xl2'' cardboard with a tone of paper appropriate 
for the wall. Arrange and attach furniture, making a side eleva- 
tion of room. Make side elevations of kitchen, bedroom, play- 
room, etc. 



12 CONSTRUCTIVE DESIGN 

Plate Five 

cebistmas gifts 

Figs. 1, 2, 3. Needle Book. 9''x9'' paper. Fold lower 
edge to upper edge. Unfold. Turn paper with crease in a vertical 
position. Fold upper edge to lower edge, making only a dent on 
each edge to mark the center, as a crease across the entire paper 
mars the beauty of the project. Fold lower edge to center; fold 
upper edge to center. 

Fold lining paper 4^/' x 6'' on short center axis. Place center 
crease of lining paper on center crease of cover and fold extended 
sides over lining paper ( Fig. 1 ) . 

Cut two pieces of white flannel 4J'' x 6'\ Pin on center crease 
of lining paper ( Fig. 2 ) . Place lining paper in side pockets 
(Fig. 3) . Decorate cover by simple cut paper designs. 

The case could be fastened by a tape, if two slits were made 
in the front cover and two in the back cover for it to slip through. 

Fig. 6. Box for Candy or Nuts. Fold 9'' x 9'' paper into 
sixteen squares as in Fig. 4. Cut on the heavy lines, leaving a 
square for the base and one on each side. Fold side squares in half. 
Cut slits near the center (Fig. 5). Run a long band (i''x9V') 
through openings, and paste ends of band together as in Fig. 6, 
This band may be decorated with colored crayons by a rhythmic 
border. 

Fig. 7. Candy Canes. Paste strips of white paper on red 
paper in such a way as to form a rhythmic design. 

Plate Six 

valentines 

Valentine I. Fold 8'' x 8'' paper into sixteen squares. Cut 
out corner squares. Paste one heart in the center. Turn paper 
over and paste one heart in center of each side flap. Take 4'' x 4'' 
white paper and cut on heavy lines. Then fold on dotted lines, as 
in Fig. 1 . Paste in center of 8'' x 8'' paper with opening over the 
red heart. Fold- as in completed diagram. 

Valentine II. 4|'' x 6'" w^hite paper. Fold on dotted line. 
Cut and paste red paper design. 

Valentine III. 6''x9" red paper. Fold in form of book. 
Fold in same way sheet of manila paper 6'' x 9'' and place inside. 
Tie with red raffia and seal by a strip of manila paper and heart 
sticker. 



GRADE ONE 13 

Clothes Pin Figures. Indian costume made of brown 
wrapping paper. Cut two pieces, 2^'' x 2^'\ for the trousers. Color 
edges with red crayon. Wrap around prongs of clothes pin. 
Paste edges together, and cut fringe. 

Cut coat 2^'' X 5'\ Fold short edges together. Cut out V- 
shape at the neck and a strip from each side. (See drawing.) 
Color edges red. Slip coat over the head of clothes pin. Paste 
the sides and cut fringe. Use black yarn for hair. Figure will 
stand if glued to a piece of cardboard. 

The man in evening dress is made by painting a clothes pin 
black. Cut out arms of paper and fasten by a small tack. Cut 
white paper shirt front and paste in place. 

Follow the diagrams and make other costumes. 

Correlate costume designing with the language and history 
work. 

Plate Seven 

automobiles 

Fig. 4. Two Passenger Automobile. Fold 9'' x 9'' paper 
into sixteen squares. Cut off one strip of four squares. Turn 
paper with three squares in front. Cut right edge of lower left 
square and left edge of lower right square. Do the same on the 
upper row. Paste corner squares together, leaving center squares 
extended. Make the front and sides curved as in Fig. 1. From 
the strip of four squares, cut off two and one-half squares. Paste 
one end to the extended square at the front, and the other end 
inside the body of the machine. (See chart.) Cut two slits in 
sides ( Fig. 1 ) . 

Give each pupil a piece of paper, 2f x3j'', as a pattern to 
cut around. (See Fig. 2.) Cut and fold as directed. X indi- 
cates ends of strip to be cut off. Intersect the slits of seat in 
right-angled cuts on sides. Cut around pattern for wheels. Paste 
two circles together for each wheel, to add strength. Fasten by 
a paper clip or collar button. Fold a strip, 2j'^x4'^ into four 
parts and paste on the back for a trunk box. Make steering wheel 
of small circle. Insert a long strip of paper through a slit in circle 
and paste strips together. Paste circle of same size on top, mak- 
ing the steering wheel double. Place steering wheel in proper 
position with reference to bottom of machine and the seat, and 
attach to automobile. 

Fig. 5. Same as Fig. 4, except that auto top is added. (See 
Fig. 3.) 



14 CONSTRUCTIVE DESIGN 

Vary designs for top of machine. 

Fig. 6. Five passenger machine constructed the same as Fig. 
5, except that it is made of 9'' x 12'' paper, folding into sixteen 
oblongs instead of sixteen squares. 

On the sand table, build a well-known street. 

Show other means of transportation such as wagons, engines, 
sleds, and boats. 

Plate Eight 

stick feinting 

Linen Apron. Practice making borders on J'' checked 
paper, with the stick printing. Use dyes. After a satisfactory 
design has been made and familiarity with the medium gained, 
stamp border on a child's apron made of f checked linen. If 
the material has a blue line, stamp design in blue. The measure- 
ments given on the illustrations are for a child two years old. En- 
large pattern to fit the wearer. 

Make kitchen holders of the barred linen. Stamp borders on 
towels and table mats. Use motifs suggested, also make original 
units. This work could be continued through the grades and 
into the High School. 



Plate Nine 
animal cuttings 

Animals Made from Corners of Envelopes. Cut out pat- 
terns, place on envelopes, and trace. The cross indicates the 
corner of the envelope. Fold on dotted lines. Eyes and ears 
may be put in with pencil. 

Fig. 1. A Flying Bird. 

Fig. 2. An Elephant. The trunk may be curved by draw- 
ing the paper over the edge of the closed scissors. 

Fig. 3. A Squirrel. Bend the tail in the center, so the 
squirrel will stand. 

Fig. 4. A Duck. Turn the corner inside, so that the duck 
will stand. Fill with nuts to be served with the duck dinner. 

Fig. 5. A Rabbit. 

Fig. 6. A Dog. Bend the tail up. 



GRADE ONE 15 

By following directions, all these forms will stand. 

3Iake other animals. Try the frog, using the long edge of 
the envelope for the back. JNIake posters with a])ove figures and 
add free hand cuttings of landscape and other scenery. 



Plate Ten 

COLOn PLAY 

Fig. 1. Stripe 9''xl2'' paper with colored crayons. ]\ratch 
colors in autumn leaves, in flowers, and in samples of cloth. Try 
to show contrast in values and spacing. Roll paper to form horns, 
cornucopias, ]May baskets, wands, and stick candy. 

Fig. 2. A Fan. Put a water wash on circle. Drop in color 
found in a fall or spring flower. ]\Iake a fan by cutting out 
handles and pasting on each side of circle. 

]Make stained glass windows with floated color. 

Blow and paint soap bubbles. 

Fig. 3. Bird Flying. Cut freehand the body of a robin. 
Fold paper and cut wings. Attach wings on center crease to the 
back of the robin, and suspend by a long thread. Color with 
crayons. 

Cut and color all birds found in localitv of the school. 



GRADE TWO 



Plate One 

seed envelopes 

Turn paper, 6''x7'', with short edge in front. Fold up |'\ 
Fold upper edge down to crease. Turn paper with creases run- 
ning up and down. Fold lower edge up J'\ Fold upper edge 
down V\ Unfold. Cut out as shown in the diagram. Paste 
side and bottom margins. On the front of envelope make free- 
hand cutting of vegetables or flowers from colored paper, show- 
ing the kind of seed contained in envelope. 

Have classes make seed envelopes of different sizes and shapes. 
Brown wrapping paper is excellent for this work. Collect seeds 
from school gardens in the fall, and keep for spring planting. 
Envelopes made in this way could be used for holding holiday 
cards which have been decorated with cut letters and rhythm bor- 
ders adapted from Plate Five, Grade Two. Rabbit units from 
Plate Two, Grade Two, would be a pleasing decoration for 
Easter cards. 

Plate Tw^o 

animal cuttings 

Animal Cuttings Based on Squares, and Vertical and 
Horizontal Rectangles. After a cutting of some particular 
animal has been dictated according to the drawing, let the child 
cut, freehand, a larger or a smaller square or rectangle, and cut 
same animal from memory. After suflicient practice in this exer- 
cise, make and design booklet cover using animal cuttings for the 
decoration, either in the form of a single unit or a border. For 
example, cut animal from paper of a middle value, mount on a 
square of dark value, and place on a booklet of a light value. 
Variations of color harmonies may be worked out. 

In the fall, make squirrel booklets. Use rabbit unit for Easter 
card decoration. Use sheep for booklet illustrating the wool in- 
dustry. (This work may be correlated with the weaving prob- 
lems.) Make the sheep booklet of bogus paper, filling pages 

16 



GRADE TWO 17 

with cuttings and drawings of a sheep, a flock of sheep in the 
meadow, the shepherd, the sheep shears, the cards, spinning wheel, 
pictures of woolen mills, samples of yarn and cloth. Mount pic- 
tures taken from magazines illustrating this industr5\ 

Plate Three 

Tea Mat. In a circle corresponding to the one on chart, draw 
a design which allows for three side openings and a center open- 
ing. Suggestions for design are shown above diagram. Fill in 
design with colored crayon. After the design is made, cut out 
openings and trace on 6''x6'' strawboard. (Have upper grade 
children cut out strawboard circle and openings.) Wrap the 
strawboard circle with natural colored raffia and one color, as illus- 
trated. Raffia should be wrapped in a damp cloth one hour 
before using. Each strand of raffia must be smoothed out, before 
it is wrapped around strawboard. When a new strand is needed, 
simply overlap without tying ends. Finish wrapping all parts 
of design in one color before starting a second color. In this way 
it is not necessary to cut strands as often. 

Plate Four 

Blotter Case. Turn paper, 9''xl2", with short edges in 
front. Fold lower edge to upper edge. Unfold. Give each child 
a piece of paper, l^^^xl^'\ with which to measure on the 9'^x 12'^ 
paper. Fold up lower edge 1^'". Fold down upper edge 1|". 
Fold over left edge 1^'^ Fold over right edge 1;^''. Unfold 
paper ( Fig. 1 ) . Turn with the long edge in front. Again use 
the measure and draw the square 1^'^, next to the upper right 
square, and cut on the left edge (Fig. 2) . Do the same on lower 
margin. Draw a square on the upper margin at the left of the 
middle crease and cut on the left and lower edges. Draw a 
square at the right of the middle crease and cut on the right edge 
only. Do the same on lower margin. Cut off margins marked 
X. Fold back diagonalh^ the squares indicated in Fig. 3. Fold 
A and B to the right. Fold strip C to the left. Fold top strip 
down and lower strip up (Fig. 4). Fold corners in place in 
same way ( Fig. 5 ) . Insert blotter 4f x 6^'\ Decorate cover 
with cut design. 

Advertising blotters may be used in place of those made from 
large sheets of blotting paper. The dimensions of the case may 
be made to fit any size blotter. 



18 CONSTRUCTIVE DESIGN 

Plate Five 

CnBISTMAS GIFTS 

Green Blotter Decorated by Cut Letters and Rhythjm 
Paper Ribbon. Cut letters based on a square. This is given to 
the class by dictation, one step at a time. Cut long narrow strips 
of paper and practice rhythm borders in colored crayons. 

Calendar. Work out a weaving design for a Christmas 
motif on squared paper. Take paper the size of the design plus 
two inches in length. Allow this space below the design to mount 
the calendar pad. Fold top to line two inches from the bottom. 
Cut into I'' strips from center. Crease to within ^'' from top. 
Ojjen. With y strips weave the design. 

Book-JMark. 3 J'' X 4'' red paper. Fold back on dotted lines. 
Cut out notch in center of lower margin. Paste overlapping mar- 
gins as illustrated. Add design. 

CHRiST:\rAS Candy Box. Hectograpli pattern of box. Cut 
on the heavy line. Fold on the dotted line. Bind the top by a 
double strip of paper. Add handle. 

Round Boxes may be made in the same way by drawing one 
circle within another, using the smaller circle for the base. Cut 
the openings between the circles for the sides, and bind the top 
by a folded band of paper. Square boxes could be worked out in 
a similar way. 

Plate Six 

eskimo wobk 

Eskimo Canoe (Kayak). 3'' x 9'" paper. Fold into sixteen 
rectangles. Turn paper with short edge in front. Fold each 
rectangle in half, making thirty-two small rectangles. Cut on 
heavy lines. Fold on dotted lines. Paste the short edges together 
w^ith folded flap inside. Paste long overlapping edges together, 
leaving an opening in the center. (See illustration.) Cut Eskimo 
and a double-bladed paddle and place in canoe. 

Sled. 6''x9'' paper. Fold into sixteen rectangles. Turn 
paper with long edge in front. Fold lower edge to bottom crease. 
Fold upper edge to top crease. Turn paper with short edge in 
front. Fold lower edge to bottom crease. Fold upper edge to 
top crease. Cut according to diagram. Paste runners double. 



GRADE TWO 19 

Eskimo Boy. Dress a clothes pin with cotton wadding, using 
paste. 

With the above material, make Eskimo sand table. Use 
inverted bowls for the igloos, cotton for snow, blue paper and 
glass for ice. 

Plate Seven 
weaving peoblems 

Fig. 1. Bag for Marbles, made on bobinet and woven with 
sansilk thread. Plan striped design with colored crayons on paper 
before starting to weave. At the left and right edges leave little 
loops to avoid pulling or puckering. Trim edges, and stitch end 
and sides on the sewing machine. Make heavy draw strings by 
twisting a double thread. 

Fig. 2. Coix Purse (3"x3'0- On 5''x7" strawboard, 
make dots ^" apart. On the back tie two brass rings in the center ; 
then string up the loom, bringing the warp through the brass 
rings. (See illustration front and back views.) Place knitting 
needles on each side of the front to keep the edges straight. Fin- 
ish the top of the weaving b}^ knotting the last row of woof to 
each strand of warp. Break the strawboard loom, remove the 
bag, and sew up the sides of the bag. 

Hammocks may be woven in a similar manner. The line of 
dots, through which the warp is strung, should be slightly curv^ed, 
making the hammock wider in the center. This gives better shape 
to the finished project. 

Plate Eight 

WEAVING INDIAN BLANKET 

Give each child 6''x9'' bogus paper, showing V' checks which 
have been hectogi-aphed. Fold long edges together. Cut design 
as in Fig. 1. Before cutting stencils, make designs with crayons 
in the two large spaces given on the chart ( Fig. 2 ) . Weave the 
same design on 6''x9" bogus paper with red, gray, and black 
strips, J'' X 6'\ 

Fig. 3. Weave design in gray, red, and black yarns, using 
strawboard for a loom. Have an uneven number of dots through 
which to string the warp. Support the sides of the weaving by 
long darning needles or spokes taken from an old umbrella. This 
keeps the sides of the rug straight. 



20 CONSTRUCTIVE DESIGN 

Plate Nine 
febeuaby wobk 

Valentine I. 6^' x 9'' red paper, 6'' x 9'' manila paper. Fold 
paper in book form, and tie with raffia. Cut out openings on 
cover to form a heart-shaped stencil. 

Valentine II. 4'' white circle, 3|'' red circle. Fold red 
circle into eight equal parts (Fig. 1). Cut a curved line from 
side A within ^'' of side B. Cut curved line from side B almost to 
side A. Continue until the center is reached. Fasten a red cord 
in center by tying a knot on the under side. Paste a small red 
heart in center of white circle. Put paste on edges of red circle 
and paste to white circle. In pulling the cord, the red circle will 
be extended and the red heart discovered. 

Book ^Iarks. Decorate with cut designs. It is interesting 
to make figures of heart shapes — solid hearts for the head and 
body, outside margins of one-half hearts for arms and legs. 

Log Cabin. 8'' x 8'' bogus paper. Fold into sixteen squares. 
Cut on right edge of lower left square; on right edge of lower 
second square; on right edge of lower third square. Same on 
upper edge. Overlap and paste th.e two cut center squares. Over- 
lap corner squares as far as possible and paste. This forms the 
house. Construct chimney of 3'' x 4^'" bogus paper, by following- 
diagram. This may be dictated to the children or hectographed. 
Draw the logs and stones on finished house with brown crayon. 
For a more pretentious log-house, narrow strips of paper may be 
used instead of the bro^^ni crayon. These strips should project 
at the corners and ends of the house in log cabin style. 

Plate Ten 

bibd game 

Cut out bird and wings from the chart and use as pattern. 
Insert wings in the slits A and B, and paste. Paste sides of bird 
together. Color with crayons. Make a nest of a strip of brown 
paper, 2''xl4''. Overlap and paste short ends together. Each 
player has two birds and stands three feet from the nest which is 
placed on the floor. He then tries to throw the bird into the 
nest. Each successful attempt counts two, ten being the winning- 
point. For this game, make all the birds that are conmion in the 
community. A teacher should make this most interesting and in- 
structive by correlating with the nature work. Draw birds free- 
hand with colored crayons. Study and draw the large varieties 
of nests and eggs. 



GRADE THREE 



Plate One 

cut paper compositions 

Posters. Use colored papers or paint manila paper with flat 
washes of the desired tones. For an autumn poster, use color 
scheme from a maple leaf. Make posters for the four seasons. 
Cut foreground, and mount on a rectangle the size of the poster, 
leaving upper part for the sky. Add distance, trees, etc. Illus- 
trate language and history by cut paper posters. 

Make one poster, using a tint and a normal of one color. 
Mount on a neutral tone. This makes a practical application of 
the color chart which should be worked out in each grade. 

By posters, illustrate the different sections of the country, such 
as level ground, hillsides, mountains, and seashore ; also use trees 
common to locality in poster compositions. 



Plate Two 
thanksgiving page 

A Turkey cut from a sy square. Fold the square on the 
diameters and one diagonal. Cut corners first, following the 
diagrams. The letters in " T IS FOR" are cut from 2'' squares 
of black paper. Fold on vertical diameter to cut T, O, and R. 
Mount letters and turkey on 9''xl2'' bogus paper. 

Figs. 1, 2, and 3 are place cards for the Thanksgiving dinner. 
Make original place cards by cutting squares and filling the space 
with simple motifs. Holland figures, ^vindmills, Dutch boats, 
the Mayflower, spinning wheels. Pilgrim cradles, and fruits and 
vegetables are appropriate motifs for design. Paint in orange 
and black. 



21 



L 



22 CONSTRUCTIVE DESIGN 

Plate Three 

christmas gifts 

Decorate Christmas tags, seals, calendars, and blotters with 
designs cut out and mounted on a contrasting tone of paper, as 
red and green. Cut letters for blotters of a tint, mounted on a 
normal of the same tone, as light green letters and green back- 
ground. In making the letters, first cut two long strips the de- 
sired width. Place on background. Decide upon the length, 
leaving suitable margins. Then divide and cut the top strip into 
five equal rectangles for the word "Merry," and the lower strip 
into four equal parts for "Xmas." Cut the letters. 

Design booklets for special days with cut letters. Make a 
cover for the spelling book. 

Plate Four 

chbistmas caeds 

Christmas Post Cards. On |'' squared paper, 3|''x5|'', 
make realistic sketch. Then adapt to the checked paper, follow- 
ing the horizontal and vertical lines as closely as possible. Cut 
out designs. Color the plain side with crayons. Mount on white 
paper, post card size, or on a real post card. 

Christmas booklets could be decorated in the same way. Use 
motifs suggested, also make original designs. 

These motifs might be enlarged a trifle, cut out, and used as 
a stencil to decorate bags, pillows, and table runners made of un- 
bleached muslin. Stencil with craj^ola. After finishing, press 
with hot iron to set the color. 

Plate Five 

stick feinting 

Fig. 1. Handkerchief Case. Two pieces of strawboard, 
3i''x3j''; two pieces of canvas, 4j''x4j''; two pieces of canvas, 
3^'' X 3l^\ Spread paste on cardboard. Attach to canvas, keep- 
ing all margins even. Cut off corners diagonally. Be careful not 
to cut too closely to the corner of strawboard. Paste sides down. 
Attach the lining 3^^' x 3^'' to the under side of the strawboard. 
Repeat for second piece. Stick-print a design on the top, first 
making several designs on |/' checked paper. Handkerchiefs are 



GRADE THREE 23 

held in place by an elastic band. Color white elastic with water 
colors, the same tone as the canvas. 

Fig. 2. Crochet Xeedle Case. Cut 1:}'' cardboard circle. 
Cover ^\ith circle of canvas If diameter. Paste margins of can-^ 
vas to one end of round cardboard mailing tube, If x 10''. Stick- 
print border on each end of canvas 4V' x 10j'\ allowing V' on one 
end and i'' on long side for lapping. Put paste on tube. Cover 
sides with canvas. Use a cork in the top. Cover larger tubes for 
pencil cases. 

BuTTOX Box. Paste together, one on top of the other, three 
small sliding-in boxes. Cover top, bottom, and sides with strips 
of canvas. Add design. Use a collar button or a staple for the 
knob of each box. 

Plate Six 

Scratch Pad. ^Measure and cut materials according to dia- 
grams. Spread with paste the 6'' x 9'' cover paper. Attach 
4'' X 7'' cardboard to cover paper, keeping top, bottom, and side 
margins even. Turn cardboard and cover paper, and iron out 
all wrinkles and air bubbles carefully with palm of hand. 

Turn cardboard and cover paper over on clean piece of scrap 
paper in order not to get any paste on outside of cover. Fold 
over margins to back of cardboard as directed in illustration. 
Fold corner 1 over at right angles to edge. Fold the other three 
corners in same manner. Spread paste over folded down corners 
and fold margins, first at top II, then side margin III, bottom 
IV, and side margin V. Be careful to attach paper to edge of 
cardboard all around in pasting margins over to back. 

Fold the IV' X 6'' paper band f from long edge on either side. 
Then open, spread with paste, and refold. Place band on front 
of cardboard V do^Mi from top. Attach ends to back of card- 
board. 

Spread the 3f x6|'^ lining paper with paste and place on 
back of cardboard, allowing even margin of |'' all around. Spread 
with paste the paper for top of pad and place on the top. This 
covers the commercial band across the top of pad and brings it 
into color harmony with the mount. Slip cardboard back of pad 
under band on mount as far down as it will go. The band is ar- 
ranged to give correct marginal spacing around pad when 
mounted. 

Suggestions for Variation of Proble:ms. This mount 
may be made of heavy paper instead of cardboard. Cut paper 



L 



24 CONSTRUCTIVE DESIGN 

size of cardboard, 4'" x 7''. Paste band over and cover back with 
another 4'' x 7'^ paper. 

Design. Stick printing may be used around pad on mount, 
or a design may be placed on top cover band of pad. This may 
be in stick printing or paper cutting. Keep to a ver}^ simple 
straight line design. Insist upon careful workmanship in this 
first all-over pasting problem. 

Clipping Case. One paper S'^xlOf , two papers 3''x3f''. 
Follow given measurements, score the horizontal lines, and fold. 
From the center of upper flap draw and cut slant lines, making 
a slight variation of shape for the outside flap. Fold two pieces 
3'' X 3f in and out on light lines, and paste to sides of case to form 
a pocket. Insert brass staple in center of outside flap. Fold 
case and fasten by cord or piece of raffia. 

Plate Seven 

easteb envelopes and cabds 

Fig. 1. Envelope. 9''x9" paper. Fold lower edge to 
upjDer edge. Keep paper folded. Fold lower edges within J'' of 
upper edge. Unfold. Fold left edge to right edge. Keep paper 
folded. Fold right edges one-half wsij to left edge. Unfold. 
Cut out corners and slant the sides. First make the flap follow 
the contour of the envelope, then make modifications. Place 
folded pattern on fresh sheet. Trace around and cut out. This 
prevents the crease from showing through the center of envelope 
on the finished project. 

Decorate cards by filling in square with rabbit motif. 

Fig. 2 is a strip of floated color, showing the colors found in a 
spring flower. Mount on card to fit the envelope. 

Plate Eight 

BOXES 

Woven Paper Box. 9''x9" paper. Fold into sixteen 
squares. Cut out the corner squares. Divide and cut the sides 
into J'' strips ( Fig. 1 ) . Weave with strips of a different color, 
two i" and two J"" strips 18|'' long. Finish one side, turn down 
every other vertical strip, and paste ends on the inside of box. 
Crease the corner. Continue on each side in the same way. 
Finish the inside of box by pasting one strip at the top to 
strengthen the upper edge. Add handle. 



GRADE THREE 2»* 

Popcorn Box. Two pieces 3''x9''. Follow the measure 
merits given in the drawing and cut out patterns ( Fig. 2 ) . Paint 
a design, or paste a cut-out paper design on each side. Cross the 
two pieces at right angles (Fig. 3). Paste the middle squares 
together. Fold up sides. Punch the holes and add the cord. 

These problems could be used either for Christmas tree 
decorations filled with candy, or for May baskets filled with 
flowers. 

Plate TsTine 

Candy Box Made Without Pasting. Paper 9'' x 12''. Fold 
into three equal parts, making three oblongs 4''x9''. Unfold 
(Fig. 1) . Fold left edge to first crease. Fold right edge to first 
crease (Fig. 2). Keep folded. Turn paper on other side. Fold 
left edge to right, and right edge to left so they will meet in the 
center (Fig. 3) . Turn top right oblong to the left. Fold upper 
right corner down. A diagonal is formed from the upper middle 
crease. Turn upper left corner, using only the top oblong. Do 
the same on lower corners ( Fig. 4 ) . Turn two left oblongs to 
the right ( Fig. 5 ) . Fold corners ( Fig. 6 ) . Turn top right ob- 
long to the left (Fig. 7) . Fold down triangles on lines A, B, C, 
and D, making JPig. 8. Open from center into box form. Fold 
the cover of the box in the same way. Add design, first drawing 
it on checked paper. 

Fold boxes of different shapes, as the problem can be made 
of paper of any shape and size. 



Plate Ten 

baffia woee 

Tea Mat. Cut strawboard circle 6'' in diameter, inner circle 
2^'" in diameter; strawboard circle 5f in diameter, inner circle 
2l'\ Cut out center circles and place the two pieces together 
with the smaller one on top. With raffia strands 13'' long, wrap 
frame. Place center of raffia on the circumference on the outer 
circle. Bring ends through the opening. Twist raffia to the right. 
Form into a small loop and tuck ends between two pieces of 
strawboard. 

Picture frames could be made in the same way with the open- 
ing made a trifle larger. 



GRADE FOUR 



Plate One 

cvt paper compositions 

Paint three pieces of 6''x9'' manila paper, a tint, a normal, 
and a shade of one tone. From these papers, cut our autumn 
and winter posters. 

Make posters of reahstic color schemes. 

Cut spring posters, using birds, birds' houses, and spring 
flowers in composition. 

This work may be used to illustrate language and history les- 
sons. In connection with the nature work, cut the poplar, apple, 
oak, pine, and willow trees. Place in a composition. 

As the geography work consists of the study of the home state, 
make a poster illustrating the characteristics of the locality. 

Plate Two 

halloween lanterns 

Turn black paper, 9'' x 12'', with the long edge in front. Draw 
a vertical line ^^ in from left edge. Divide the remainder of 
the paper into four equal parts. An easy way to do this is to 
fold right edge to vertical line, keep folded, and fold again from 
right edge to vertical line. Divide the short edge according to 
directions under the diagram. Draw the horizontal lines. Find 
center of top edges of upper rectangles. Connect with lower 
corners of rectangles by slant lines. 

Cut as indicated by the heavy lines in diagram. Score the 
edges to be folded. Trace and cut out designs for the four sides. 
Line with orange tissue paper. Paste sides together. Fit and 
paste Fig. 1 in the top so as to have a f projecting roof. Do 
the same at lower edge, using Fig. 2 for the base. 



26 



GRADE FOUR 27 

Plate Three 

blotteb pad 

Woven Blotter Ends. Fold two pieces, l''xl2", on the 
long axis. With these strips bind long edges of cardboard, 9'' x 
12'' (Fig. 1). Paste paper 8j''xll|'' on the top of cardboard. 
Draw hne ^'' from upper long edge of end paper, 2y'xl0''. 
Score on this line. Spread paste on J'' wide rectangle and attach 
to 2|'' \^dde rectangle, making a firm edge (Fig. 2). Draw a 
line V^ from lower long edge (Fig. 2) . Fold upper edge to this 
line. ^Measure and cut into strips J'' wide, leaving ^'' on each 
end for pasting ( Fig. 3 ) . 

Draw design on ^ squared paper. Weave design on blotter 
ends with colored paper strips Y' ^ 9''. 

Paste blotter ends in place. Spread lining paper, 8f xllf, 
with paste and attach to back. Insert blotter. 

Box WITH Woven Top. Fold 9" x 9'' paper into sixteen 
squares. Cut on heavy lines as illustrated in Fig. 5. Fold top 
to bottom. Place dots on lower edge of the two middle squares 
V' apart. Draw vertical lines 1^'' long from crease. Cut on 
these lines. Weave design with V' wide strips, pasting ends to 
inside of box. (jNIore interesting designs can be woven when 
the top is divided into ^'' wide strips.) Paste in box form. 

Fold and cut bottom of box the same as top, using 8§''x8| 
paper, as illustrated in Fig. 5. 



Plate Four 

CHAINS 

Chains of Silk Cord or Twine, and Beads or Xuts. Draw 
designs of long and short lines before making chains. ]Make 
finger crochet and knots in the cord. Finger crochet is made by 
tying a single bow knot and pulling a loop of the cord through 
tiie loop of the single bow, thus forming a loop within a loop. 
Continue pulling one loop within another, eacli time pulling the 
loop tight. Finish by drawing the end of the cord through the 
last loop. 

The curtain cord is made of reed, brown twine, and a hazel 
nut for a charm. To string the nuts, burn holes from end to 
end with a red hot wire. 



// 



28 CONSTRUCTIVE DESIGN 

Plate Five 

candy boxes 

Fig. 1. Pointed Box. Colored paper 6i''xlOV'. Meas- 
urements on long edges are i'\ 2^'\ 2V\ 2^'\ 2^'' ; on short edges 
2'% 2^'\ 2'\ Find center of top edges of upper rectangles. Con- 
nect with corners by slant lines. INIeasure V' down from apex 
of triangles and draw horizontal line. Cut on the heavy lines. 
Score lines to be folded. From l^'xlj'' oblongs, cut stencils of 
contrasting tone of paper. Paste on the four sides. Fasten top 
and lower points with cord. 

Fig. 2. Square Box. 12''x12''. Divide paper into IV' 
squares. Cut on heavy lines as shown in diagrams. Intersect 
opposite sides on lines A and B, and C and D, keeping triangular 
flaps on the top (Fig. 2). Notice that these boxes are made 
without J) as ting. 

Plate Six 
bags and tbays 

Fig. 2. Woven Coin Purse. Strawboard loom, 4''x6" 
(Fig. 1). Turn with short edges in front. Draw horizontal 
lines ^'' from each edge. On these lines place dots ^'' apart. 
String warp of sansilk tlii'ead on both sides. Weave with double 
thread. As there must be an even number of dots, use two strings 
of warp as one string on one side so as to make an uneven num- 
ber in weaving. Show stripes in a shade of the same tone as bag. 

The center design is made by weaving under two and over 
two. Weave until the bag is 3''x4''. Remove the l^oin by 
breaking the strawboard. Add a thread of a contrasting color 
(dotted line on chart) with a needle. Twist cord of the two 
values of thread used and fasten ends with beads or small hazel 
nuts for the draw strings. 

Fig. 3. Indian Tray. Oval shape, short axis 3f , long 
axis 6''. Use Xo. 2 reed, natural colored raffia, orange and brown 
raffia. Soak end of reed until it bends easily. Bend one end 
of reed to form a loop 2'^ long. Thread a large tapestry" needle 
with raffia. Cover reed by using the Figure Eight stitch (Fig. 
4), which is over and around the top reed, between the reeds, 
over and around the lower reed. Repeat. At the turn of the 
loop, begin the Lazy Squaw stitch (Fig. 5), which is made by 
wrapping the raffia from j^ou, twice around the reed and then 



GRADE FOUR 29 

bringing the needle through the nearest coil. Proceed wra])ping 
twice around the reed and bringing the needle through the nearest 
coil. Fasten the third coil to the second, the fourth to the third, 
etc. When the reed is used up, splice on a new piece. 

Sketch a simple design in the oval on chart. When using col- 
ored raffia, let the natural raffia thread run along with the reed, 
bringing it out when the design calls for it. 



Plate Se^t:x 

Magazine Coyer. Heavy paper, 12"xl7f". (9"xl2'' paper 
may be used by overlapping f on short edges and pasting.) 
Cut on top and bottom edges according to diagram (Fig. 1). 
Decorate with stick printing, first working out design on checked 
paper. 

3Iake textbook covers and decorate with stick printing or cut- 
paper designs, using appropriate motifs. If possible., have the 
wood sticks for printing made by the manual training depart- 
ment. Cut squares, triangleSj and circles of small sizes. "Water 
colors mixed with alcohol may be used successfully in place of 
dyes. 

]\Iake a pad of several layers of cloth, saturate with solution, 
and apply the stamp. Print on practice paper several times 
until the stick has absorbed the solution evenlv. 



Plate Eight 
animal designs 

Enclose picture of an animal in a rectangle (Fig. 1). Use 
tracing paper over picture. Divide the space into diameters and 
sub-divisions (Fig. 2). Draw animal in straight hues. Cut 
paper same size as rectangle aromid animal. Fold on diameters. 
Cut off corners, follo^^'ing the straight line design (Fig. 3). 
^lake larger and smaller cuttings until form of animal is 
memorized. 

Animal Calendars. Paint straight hne drawing in black, 
leaving white between rectangle and animal. Leave white also 
to separate parts of animals where possible (Fig. 4). Notice 
the spacing between the bill and head of the duck. 

Let children collect pictures of animals, each child working 
out a different design in straight lines and di\^sion of parts as 
directed. This lends greater interest and variety to the work. 



i 



30 CONSTRUCTIVE DESIGN 

Plate Nine 

Picture Holder. Spread paste on cover paper 5'^x6^'\ 
Attach strawboard 4<''x5^'\ keeping margins even on all sides 
( Fig. 1 ) . Cut corners diagonally. Paste margins to th@ back 
of strawboard. Fold piece, l^/'x5'\ one-half inch from each 
long edge. Paste A and B, making a strip V'x5'\ Fold ver- 
tical lines ^'' from the short edges. Cut out corners marked X 
(Fig. 3). Place on lower edge of 4''x5j'' piece. Paste lower 
flap C and side flaps to the back. Cover strawboard, lj''x4'', 
with paper, 2|'^x5V' i^^S- ^) - Attach lining paper, l^^^x5^\ 

Cut a slit in the back of lining piece, 4'' x 5^'\ Insert standard 
IV' from top (Fig. 4), and paste. Paste this lining to back 
of piece, 4'' x 5J''. Stick printing or a simple line design could 
be added to the narrow strip ( Fig. 5 ) . 

Suggestions for Variation or Problem. Make holder to 
place on desk for the Constructive Design plate (7|''xlO''). 
Also make standards on which to put flowers for nature 
drawings. 

Whisk Broom Holder. 9''x12'' heavy paper. Draw 
oblong 5'' X 7i''. On lower edge measure from each end ^'\ 
Connect with upper corners. On the right slant edge measure 
up 4<i'\ Draw oblong f x4V'. On practice paper, cut out 
shape of the front which is the same as the lower part of the 
back. Place pattern in position. Trace around it. Add f x 
4 J"' oblong and ^'' strip for the flap. Draw design on squared 
paper and transfer. Paint the design in a shade of the same 
tone as the paper. 

Plate Ten 

"my teee" booklet 

Fold 9"xl2'' cover paper, short edges together. On front 
of cover paper draw marginal lines ^'' from top, | " from sides. 
If from bottom. Inside these marginal lines draw a rectangle 
1^'' wide, f from top marginal line, and f from side marginal 
lines. This spacing should be worked out by the teacher as an 
example of ideal marginal spacing. (Should the measurement 
prove too difficult for any particular class, the children could 
draw a similar spacing freehand.) 

Cut letters from small oblongs, V x l'\ for the title "My Tree." 
Arrange them in the smaller rectangle on cover, and trace around 



GRADE FOUR 31 

them. Paint letters and marginal lines a darker tone than that 
of cover. 

Fold three sheets of paper S^^'xliy^ short edges together. 
Place one inside of the other, making what is called a section. 
Rule marginal hnes on all pages but the second and last, to]j 
line g'' from top edge, side line f' from side edges, bottom 
line If' from bottom edge. Place this section inside of cover 
paper. Open booklet to center sheet. Rule down from upper 
edge 2|'' and up from bottom edge 2y\ Punch holes and 
tie with cord the color of cover paper. If cord is heavy, tie on 
the outside of booklet ; if light, tie on inside of booklet. Beginning 
at third page and ending with page 11, number pages at bottom 
under marginal line in center. 

On the first page, draw a rectangle according to dimensions 
given for cover. In this rectangle print the name of the tree 
and below it the words "My Tree." This is called the title page. 

The pages as numbered should be as follows: 

Page 2. Blank. 

Page 3. "My Tree" in March. 

Page 4. Twig from "My Tree" in March. 

Page 5. Birds seen in "My Tree" and dates. 

Page 6. Dates when blossoms and leaves appear. 

Page 7. "My Tree" in May. 

Page 8. Twig from "My Tree" in May. 

Page 9. Pressed leaf from "My Tree." 

Page 10. Pressed blossom from "My Tree." 

Page 11. Something about "My Tree." 

Page 12. Blank. 

Suggestions for Variation of Problem. The cover of the 
booklet may be made of bogus paper, with inside section of cream 
or gray manila, or white drawing paper. The cover may be 
painted in a darker tone of gray water color or done in black 
crayon. If black crayon is used, the booklet may be sewed with 
black darning cotton, knotted on the inside of the section. If 
water color is used, the booklet is more attractive tied with a 
heavy gray cord. Brown cover paper is good with the cream 
manila paper for the inside section. The title and marginal lines 
might be cut from the cream manila paper and mounted on 
cover. Insist upon correct marginal spacing in all work. 

Note. — Be sure that pupils are on the alert for those trees 
which have blossoms before thev have leaves. 



GRADE FIVE 



Plate One 

halloween lantebns 

Fig. 1. Cat's Head. 9''x12" black paper. Cut on the 
heavy hnes according to diagram. Score and fold on the light 
lines. Line the openings with orange tissue paper. Cut out small 
circle of green tissue paper and paste in center of eye for the 
pupil. Paste candle holder to the base of lantern. 

Fig. 2. Owl's Head. 9''x12'' bogus paper. Fold and cut 
same as Fig. 1. Cut out two circles for eyes and line with orange 
tissue paper. The other light parts are bogus paper. Fill in the 
dark parts with black paint. 

Make frog's head, using very large green circles with orange 
centers for the eyes, and a large crescent-shaped opening for the 
mouth. 

Plate Two 
post caed holdee and feame 

Fig. 5. Post Card Holder. Spread paste on cover paper, 
5|'' X 8'". Attach strawboard, 4J'' x 7'\ leaving even margins 
( Fig. 1 ) . Cut corners diagonally and paste sides back ( Fig. 1 ) . 
Cover strawboard, 4J'' x 4>^^\ with cover paper, 5^'" x 5 1'\ Leave 
even margins. Paste three sides to back of strawboard (Fig. 2) . 
Draw line down center of long axis of cloth hinge, 1'' x 4^'' (Fig. 
3 ) . Attach one-half of cloth hinge to free flap of cover paper 
and one-half to strawboard. This gives both a paper and cloth 
hinge. Attach other half of hinge to back of strawboard, 4i" 
X 7". Attach linings, 4|'' x 6|'' and 4^'' x 4<^'\ to backs of straw- 
board. Punch holes and tie the sides with raffia or cord. Cut 
stencil design of light value of paper and mount on dark value 
of its complement. Paste in the center of 4j'' x 4^'' paper. 

Fig. 9. Post Card Frame. On 5^''x7|'' strawboard draw 
1"' margins. Cut out inside oblong. Spread paste on 6:}''x8^''' 
cover paper. Attach strawboard mat, leaving even margins. 
Cut corners diagonally. Paste sides to back of strawboard. Cut 

32 



GRADE FIVE 33 

out inner oblong from cover paper, allowing J'' margins for 
turning back and pasting (Fig. 6). Add lining 5''x7''. Cover 
4|''x6f strawboard with 5|''x7|'' cover paper. Cut corners 
diagonally (Fig. 7). 

Cover 2''x5'' strawboard with 3''x6'' cover paper (Fig. 8). 
Line with If' x 4|'' paper. Score a line V from the top. Straw- 
board might be cut 2''x4'', using only cover papers to insert 
through slit. Insert standard in the back of cardboard, 4f x 
6'f\ Paste. Paste sides and bottom of back to frame. Insert 
post card in the top. 

Plate Three 

Clipping Case. JNIeasure and cut all materials according to 
directions. Rule rectangle f wide down center of outside hinge. 
Rule line in §'' from long edge, the length of cardboard. Place 
guard paper up to this line and spread paste on cardboard. 
Place hinge right side dow^n on clean pasting paper. Then turn 
cardboard over on hinge up to line of rectangle, keeping top and 
bottom margins of hinge the same. Turn to right side and 
carefully iron out all wrinkles or imperfections in cloth with 
palm of hand. 

Repeat this process with the other cardboard, placing ruler 
against top edge to see that both cardboards are evenly pasted 
to hinge. Spread paste on top and bottom margins of hinge 
and paste to back of cardboard. Crease over edge of cardboard 
with finger nail and paste to hinge between cardboards. 

Spread paste on cover paper. Place on outside of cardboard, 
covering hinge 1/16''. Keep head, tail, and fore edge margins 
even. Cut corners diagonally |" from corners of cardboard. 
Fold over and paste margins to back of cardboards, first pasting 
the edge plane of cardboard and creasing carefully but sharply 
on both sides of edge. Fold the nine inside hinges, length^vise, 
down center. 

Spread paste on one side of fold of first hinge ; attach to front 
of envelope. 

Spread paste all over back of second hinge. Paste one-half 
to back of first envelope, and the other half to the front of second 
envelope, keeping the fold of the hinge to the back edge of 
envelope and opening to the fore edge. 

Continue until envelopes are all hinged together. Cover free 
sides of first and last hinges with paste and attach to cardboard, 
the fold of the hinge being even with back edge of cardboard. 



34 CONSTRUCTIVE DESIGN 

Spread end sheets, 3f x6j'', with paste and place on inside 
of cardboard, keeping back edge even with back edge of card- 
board, with margin of y^'' on head, tail, and fore edge. 

Suggestions for Variation of Problem. Envelopes may 
be constructed of paper IS^'^xTf", according to illustration. 
If envelopes are made, end sheets should be of the same paper 
and of a lighter value than cover papers. The cover may be of 
linen or silk, and may be made with a hinge or of one piece of 
material. The design may be a small rectangle correctly spaced 
on cover, or a border design. The word "Clippings" may be 
placed on the cover with marginal lines, and on each envelope 
may be printed its contents. Design may be developed in water 
color, tempera color, or crayon. 



Plate Four 

Memorandum Pad. Measure and cut all materials accord- 
ing to directions. Draw on outside of cloth hinge a rectangle, 
f '' in width, lengthwise down center. To get this measurement, 
take the thickness of the pad plus thickness of two cardboards 
plus I'' extra. This extra is to allow room for the opening and 
closing of the cover boards. Rule line on cardboards lengthwise 
^'' from back edge. Place guard paper up to this line, and 
spread paste on this i'' rectangle. Place hinge on scrap paper. 
Attach cardboard to hinge up to line of rectangle, keeping top 
and bottom edges even. Paste other cardboard to hinge, placing 
ruler against top edges to true them. Cover top and bottom 
margins of hinge with paste and attach to back of cardboards 
and hinge. Spread paste on inside hinge and attach to card- 
boards and outside hinge. Crease hinge down firmly along back 
edges of cardboards and paste carefully to outside hinge between 
cover boards. Spread cover paper with paste and place on out- 
side cardboards, lapping over hinge 1/16''. Fold corners and 
margins as directed in Plate Six, Grade Three, or cut corners 
diagonally. 

Fold cloth threefold lengthwise for pencil holders. Open, 
spread with paste, and refold. Paste ends together, allowing 
room to insert pencil in loop. JNIeasure up from bottom on left 
side and down from top on right side f ', and paste pencil holders 
to inside of cardboards. Pencil holders might be placed to meet 
in center of boards. On right board have loop just above the 
center, and on left board just below center. 



GRADE FIVE 35 

On right inside cover paste i)ad. On left inside cover ])aste 
blotter. 

Suggestions for Design. Design may be apjDlied in a small 
rectangle correcth^ spaced, or a marginal border. Keep the 
design structural, bi- symmetric straight line. In marginal border 
design, make the design stronger at the corners, connecting with 
lines or simple design. The binding may also be of block-printed 
linen. The cover and hinge may be in one piece as shown in 
the color illustration, which is an Austrian print. 

Plate Five 

table favobs 

Candlestick Holding A Paper Candle Filled with Candy. 
On a 5'' orange paper circle, cut out inner circle, 1 J'' in diameter. 
Fringe the long edge of a piece, 1^'' x 5^'\ cutting ^'' in from 
edge. Fold back the fringe and paste in center as in Fig. 1. 
Mount on 5"' cardboard circle. 

Cut i'' opening in a 2^^ circle ( Fig. 2 ) , and cut fringe J" 
long. Fold back fringe and paste within the cjdinder, forming 
a collar at the top. 

Roll white paper, 4'' x 7'^ into shape for candle. Paste. Cover 
with white tissue paper, 7''x7'', finishing the top with a twist. 
Paint edges of cardboard with water colors, if not in harmony 
with cover paper. This can be done in color schemes appro- 
priate for the season and occasion. 

Place Cards. ( 1 ) Construct tent and print name on side for 
a Washington party. (2) INIake landscape compositions on place 
cards showing the season of the year. (3) Fill rectangles with 
faces such as the Billiken, Santa Claus, Brownies, Clowns, 
Puritans, etc. 

Plate Six 

candy boxes 

Fig. 1. Heavy construction paper, Ti'^xlTi". Cut on 
heavy lines according to diagram and score and fold on light 
lines. Place paste on one side as show^n in Fig. 1. Fold in the 
other sides, and fasten with cord and Christmas seal. 

Fig. 2. Paper lO'^xlOV'. Cut and fold according to 
drawing. Attach flap to side. Make broken line border designs 
for the box, first working out design on squared paper, and 
transferring it to top of box. Make different shaped boxes after 
the given diagrams. 



36 CONSTRUCTIVE DESIGN 

Plate Seven 

commebcial envelope and textile samples 

Envelope Making. Design small envelope for samples of 
striped cloth. Print name of the store and city on the front. 
On the back devise a way of fastening. Make samples on paper 
of striped goods in black and white ; gray, black, and white ; black 
and one color. 

JNIake business envelopes. Design trademarks and mono- 
grams. 

Address envelopes so that the spacing is pleasing. Write 
letters, leaving correct margins at the top, sides, and lower edge. 

Envelopes may be filled with sachet powder and fastened with 
tape through a slit in the upper flap, or with a seal decorated by 
an appropriate flower or emblem, typical of the sachet used. 

Plate Eight 

booklets 

Booklets for Poems. Two pieces of bogus paper 6''x9". 
Cut letters of manila paper. Fold bogus papers with |'' mar- 
gins to the inside on long edges, making oblongs 5^'' x 9'\ This 
makes the left edges stronger for the Japanese lacing. (See 
Plate Ten, showing steps in sewing.) Fill book with six sheets 
of manila paper, 5^'' x 9'^ Cut strip of paper the desired height 
of title, and place on the cover, cutting off the ends until the 
spacing is good. Divide the strip into five equal oblongs for the 
word "Poems," a letter being cut from each oblong. 

Xmas Booklets and Cards. Decorate with cut designs, 
using papers painted in complementary colors. Neutralize the 
tone of the larger shape by adding a little of its complement to 
the paint. The smaller shapes may be more intense in color. 

Make cards and booklets for other holidays and for special 
occasions. 

Plate Nine 

Grocery Pad. Spread paste on cover paper 5 J'' x 12''. At- 
tach to strawboard 4i''xll''. Cut corners diagonally and paste 
margins. 

On 2i'' X 5y paper draw a |'' margin. Fold down one long 
edge and paste. This makes a strong outside edge. Cut the 



GRADE FIVE 87 

corners diagonally. Paste the sides A, B, and C on the back 
of the 4j''xll'' piece. Do the same on the other end. Paste 
the lining, 4^'' x lOf'^ Insert white paper for the grocery list. 

The ends may be made of linen decorated with stick printing 
or stencil design. 

This project could be used for telephone pad, laundry lists, 
or menus for the meals of the day. 



Plate Ten 



'Vx 



Telephone Pad. Fig. 1. Spread paste on cover paper 6 
8j". Attach strawboard S'^xTi''. Leave even margins on all 
sides. Cut corners diagonally and paste margins to back of* 
strawboard. Insert two brass rings 4'' from lower edge and IV' 
from the sides. Paste lining 4|''x7:i/'. Mount the pad, leav- 
ing the widest margin at the bottom. Transfer and paint the 
design. 

Fig. 2. Memorandum Pad. Fold 9''xl2'' paper into eight 
oblongs 3'' X 4^'' ( Fig. 3 ) . Fold top of colored paper, 3'' x 5 J", 
down 1''. Fasten together by Japanese lacing with cord and 
pencil. (See drawing for the steps in sewing.) 



* 



\ 



GRADE SIX 



Plate One 

decoeating common objects 

Paint flower pots with oil paints. Keep the designs big and 
bold. (See Figs. 1 and 2.) 

Fig. 3. Dinner Horn for the Country Home. Tin can- 
dlesticks from the five and ten cent store make very attractive 
dinner horns when a little color is added. 

Fig. 4. Wooden frames for a picture or for a mirror may be 
painted. 

Paint and decorate furniture. 

Many tin articles may be made most attractive by bold bril- 
liant designs executed in oil or enamel paints, with the back- 
ground painted in dull japalac. 

Tin cracker and marshmallow boxes, tea cans, tin mail boxes, 
tea trays, all have possibilities along this line of decoration. 



Plate Two 

Bird Sticks. Cut out pattern of birds and trace on bass- 
wood or soft pine, |'' stock. If natural size is desired, make a 
trifle larger than illustrations. After sawing or whittling out 
the bird, fasten to a rod 15'' long. By soaking the end of the 
rod and the bird's foot in water, a pin can easily be inserted. 
( Fig. 1 shows another way of fastening the bird to the rod. ) 

Paint birds in water colors, oil or enameled paints. Robin: 
head and bill black with white spots over the eyes; back, wings, 
and tail dull brown; breast, dull red orange. Goldfinch: yellow 
with black spots. Bluebird: head, back, wings, and tail, bright 
blue; breast, dull orange. Scarlet Tanager: scarlet, with black 
bill, wings, and tail. 

Flower sticks need not be limited to bird designs. Figures of 
children, animals, and grotesque figures may be used to good 
advantage. 



GRADE SIX 39 

Plate Three 

lantebns 

Cut pattern according to the working drawing. Make many 
practice designs for the oblongs A, B, C, and D. Select the best 
design and transfer. Then cut out openings. Use animal motifs, 
either the head or the entire figure. Have the openings as large 
as possible so that the light will come through. Great care should 
be used in the selection of tissue papers for the lining. Yellow 
and orange linings are the most desirable. 

Make lanterns for bungalows, porches, and for special occa- 
sions. 

Another interesting problem is the round lantern of the Paul 
Revere type. 

Plate Four 

Pad and Pencil Case. On cover paper, 5'" x 13V', draw on 
short axis a center rectangle J'^ wide. Spread paper with paste 
and attach cardboards, 4<''x6'\ up to this rectangle on either 
side (see Fig. 1). Cut corners diagonally. Fold and paste 
margins. 

Pencil Holder. 2" x 2 J''. Fold short edges to the center 
and paste. Wrap around pencil in order to have the correct size. 
Paste in place on the right side of lower half of covered straw- 
board. (See E.) 

Draw I'' margins on 4 J'^ x 5|'' paper for pad pocket. Cut 
corners ( Fig. 2 ) . Fold over and paste flap A. Place pocket on 
lower half of lining paper, 3|'' x 12''. Attach margins B, C, and 
D to other side of lining paper. Attach lining paper to inside 
of cover boards, leaving ^'' margins on all sides. Dry under 
pressure. Paste a narrow strip of paper over upper edge of 
pad to the perforation. Add design on cover. Slip back of pad 
into pocket. 

Plate Five 

Clipping Case. Draw J'' margins on S^'xlO^'' cover paper. 
Within the oblong, paste the two strawboards, leaving 7]/' be- 
tween the boards (Fig. 1). Cut corners diagonally. Paste 
margins. 

Turn 4 J'' x 9 J'' paper with long edge in front. Draw hori- 
zontal line I'' from the top. Draw horizontal line |'' from lower 



40 CONSTRUCTIVE DESIGN 

edge. Draw three vertical lines V' apart on each side. Cut out 
upper corner rectangles, ^'' x li'\ Cut out lower corner rec- 
tangles, J'' X 1 J''. Paste I'' strip down to make strong edge for 
side pocket. Crease on vertical lines. Fold in and out. Make 
the other side pocket in the same way. 

Fig. 3. Place pockets on lining sheet, 6 J"' x 91''. Attach 
the -J'' top, bottom, and side margins to back of lining sheet. 
Attach lining sheet to inside of cover boards. (If large case is 
desired, enlarge space between two cover boards.) Paint manila 
paper a darker value of cover paper. Cut out design and mount 
in center of cover (Fig. 4). 

Plate Six 

Checker Board. On book linen, 2''xll|'', draw two ver- 
tical lines through the center, ^'' apart. 

Spread paste on cardboards If from long edge. Attach to 
hinge up to :{" rectangle on either side, keeping end margins of 
linen hinge even. Fold and paste ends of linen hinge down. 
Paste cover paper, 5:|'' x 12'', on strawboards, overlapping linen 
hinge ^". Paste sides down. 

Paste book linen, f'xlOj", down the center, on the inside of 
strawboard, making the hinge two thicknesses of linen. Paste 
two papers 5:|" x 10 J", leaving J" margins on the outer edges. 
Make Ij" checks. Paint in a darker value of the same tone as 
paper. 1" square checkers could be cut from basswood and 
painted, carrjang out a color harmony. 

Animals could be cut out of wood and inserted in squares for 
the checkers. For crowning on the king row, place a square of 
another color under the foundation of the cut figure. 

Plate Se^^n 

INIatch Box. JMeasure and cut all materials according to 
diagram. Spread cover paper, 5j"xlO", with paste. Place 
cardboard on paper, keeping top, bottom, and side margins even. 
Turn to right side and carefully iron out all imperfections with 
palm of hand. Cut corners diagonally ^" from corners of card- 
boards. Fold over and attach margins to back of cardboard. 
Spread lining paper, 3f " x 8J", with paste and attach to back of 
cardboard, keeping all margins even. 

Rule 3i" X 3|" cardboard as illustrated. Cut out the two 
lower corners, 1" square, scoring the lines connecting corners with 



GRADE SIX 41 

upper edge. Score with edge of sharp knife one-half way 
through cardboard. Fold cardboard on scored lines at right 
angles to center rectangle. Paste corners together with gummed 
tape or cloth spread with paste. (The tape dries more quickly 
and holds more securely. ) 

Spread cover and lining paper with paste, except flaps. Place 
cover paper on outside of box, attaching first the front, then bot- 
tom with ends pasted up on sides, then the sides. Attach lining 
paper. 

Locate points on mount for placing of box. Cover flaps 
with paste and attach to mount. 

Paste the tw^o sand papers to sides of box. 

Suggestions for Desigx. The sand paper may be placed 
in space above match box with the border design around sand 
paper or around mount. Keep correct marginal spacing. De- 
sign may be executed in water colors, crayons, or stick printing. 

Plate Eight 

BOXES 

Fig. 1. Paper, 6j''xl8i". After constructing Fig. 1 ac- 
cording to diagram, make a square box, following the same plan 
of fastening as used in Plate Seven. 

JNIake a collection of boxes. Notice how other boxes are con- 
structed and fastened. 

Fig. 2. Triangular Box. Construct the top of box -|" 
larger than lower part. Decorate by simple triangular design on 
the top. Either paint the design or cut out pattern, and attach 
to the top of box. 

Plate Xine 
sewed magazine covee 

Directions for Any Size Magazine. Cut hinge of cloth 
the length of magazine and width of back plus 3''. IV)ld around 
back of magazine, keeping margins even on either side of back. 
Pierce with awl through magazine and hinge in five or seven 
sections, according to size of magazine. Sew with linen thread. 

For cover paper take the length of magazine, by four times 
the width, plus the width of back of magazine, plus g" for turn- 
ings. On the inside of cover paper on short axis, rule down the 
center a rectangle the width of back, plus J''. Rule a parallel line 



42 CONSTRUCTIVE DESIGN 

the width of magazine plus J'' from this rectangle on either side. 
Fold in ends toward back on these outer lines and fold the back 
on lines of rectangle. Attach inside covers to hinge, and place 
under pressure to dry. 

If the covers are attached to under side of hinge, the cover 
paper must be cut a trifle shorter. 

Suggestions rou Design. Design may be developed in a 
rectangle or border design, with the strongest part of the design 
in the corners. The name of the magazine may be printed and 
inclosed in a rectangle. This problem permits of the cover page 
of the magazine being left to view on inside. 



Plate Ten 

Telephone Directory. JNIeasure and cut all materials. 
Spread paste on cover paper, 7f xl2''. Attach strawboard, 
7-4'^ xll^'\ Cut corners diagonally and attach margins. 

Plan design on practice paper, 7^'' xllV'. This is an excel- 
lent problem for the study of good space relations. Divide into 
two panels and subdivide into strips. The given design has two 
panels, 2^'' wide — 1^'' from the top, li^' from lower edge, and 
f from outside edges. The strips are J"' apart. Use linen tape, 
natural color, f wide. Cut eight slits for the tape to slip 
through. Paste ends on the back. Cover heads of brass staples 
by circles of paper one and one-half times as large as the head. 
Spread paste on circle and gradually fit the circle around the 
head of the staple. At every inch place a staple. This forms a 
pocket for the strip of w^hite or manila paper, f x 2V'. 

Make design on ^'' checked paper and transfer. Paint color 
scheme in an analogous or complementary^ harmony. 



GRADE SEVEN 






Plate One 

Case Coyer for Paper Bound School Books. Measure 
and cut all materials. Draw rectangle, ^'' wide, down center, 
lengthwise of outside hinge. Spread paste on cardboard f in 
from long edge, and attach to hinge. Attach inside hinge to 
boards. Spread cover papers with paste and attach to boards, 
cutting corners and turning margins. Rule a line J" lengthwise 
on pockets. Fold, open, and spread with paste. Insert tape 
along fold. Attach to pocket. Place pocket on end sheet f in 
from long edge, keeping head, tail, and fore edge margins of 
pocket even. Cut corners of pocket diagonally. Spread paste 
on margins and attach to back of end sheet. Repeat with other 
pocket and end sheet. Spread paste over back of end sheet and 
attach to inside of cover boards, lapping inside hinge 1/16". 
Keep head, tail,- and fore edge margins all ^'\ Place under 
pressure to dry. 

Suggestions for Design. Print title of book in a rectangle 
of marginal lines, or very simple broken line design, paying 
special attention to good lettering. Place this on front cover 
correctly spaced. 



Plate T^ro 

LANTERNS 



Fig. 1. Construct lantern according to the measurements 
given on diagram. Within the o' squares make a simple struc- 
tural design, letting the hues follow the outside shapes. This 
repetition of horizontal and vertical lines gives strength to the 
design. Cut out the openings and line with tissue paper. Finish 
at lower apex by a tassel made of twine. Add a wooden kinder- 
garten bead. 

Fig. 2. Same as Fig. 1, with the exception of the lower apex, 
which is cut off to match the upper side. To this a square 
with four fla])s must be added for the base. Transparencies for 
the windows in the school room or office could be made the same 
as the side of the lantern. 



I 



44 CONSTRUCTIVE DESIGN 

Plate Three 

Kodak Book. On book linen, 2'' x 8|'', draw lines ^'^ from 
each short end. Draw lines y and ^'' from one long edge (Fig. 
1 ) . Paste 5'' X 7f strawboard on ^'' oblong, leaving ^'^ at each 
end. Paste l^'xTf strawboard on large oblong. This leaves :}" 
between boards for a hinge (Fig. 2) . Cut corners diagonally and 
paste margins. Turn strawboard and paste cover paper, 5§'' x 8^'^ 
leaving J"' margins on three outside edges ( Fig. 3 ) . Paste book 
linen, If x7i'^ for inside lining of hinge, leaving |'' margins. 
Paste lining, 4^^'^x7V\ leaving |'' on the three outside edges 
(Fig. 4). Add three ej^elets. Make the other cover in same 
way. 

Decorate by a cut design of paper painted in complementary 
colors. Cut paper and punch holes for the inside leaves. 

Fig. 5. Domestic Science Book, used for recipes. The 
front cover is made with a hinge. For this cover use strawboard 
5^^^x7j'\ and for the hinge, strawboard l|''x5f'\ The back is 
made of one piece of strawb3ard, 5f x 8f . Cover strawboard 
with white oilcloth. Fasten book with rings. 

Plate Four 

Limp Paper Cover Book. Measure and cut all materials. 
Spread paste over cloth hinge and attach to back of pad, keep- 
ing top, bottom, and side margins even. Paste ends to head 
and tail of pad. Paste side margins to pad, folding corners care- 
fully in at right angles and adding a little paste in fold. 

Place lining paper, 3|''' x 5 J^', on cover paper, 5'' x 7f , keep- 
ing all margins even. Begin at corners and fold cover paper 
margins diagonally over lining paper. Fold margins. There 
is no pasting in this cover. Place end sheets, S^'' x 5^'\ on cover. 
Place cover sheets together and rule for slits and eyelets through 
which to insert tape. (See diagram.) After being sure that all 
edges are even, place ruler against marked slits and cut through 
cover papers and end sheets with a sharp knife. After punch- 
ing eyelets in cover, place cover on either side of pad, eyelets 
toward back. Then punch eyelets through pad. Begin sewing 
with longer tape from outside of cover, going in slit 1, through 
end sheet, back and out through slit 2, in eyelet A, through 
opposite cover, up through eyelet B, through top cover, down 
through eyelet A, up and around head 3, down through eyelet 



GRADE SEVEN 45 

A, around back 4, down through eyelet A, and back through 
shts on opposite cover to fore edge of book. 

Take shorter tape, and begin sewing in sht 5 across end 
sheet, out through sht 6, down through eyelet B, through oppo- 
site cover, down and around tail of book 7 up to eyelet B, down 
through eyelet B, around back of book 8, down through eyelet 
B to opposite cover, back through slits on ojiposite cover to fore 
edge of book. 

Suggestions for Design. Stick printing may connect the 
tapes on cover of book, or a horizontal rectangle may be placed 
with upper edge even with upper edge of tape. This border 
should be very simple in design and enclose the word "Notes" 
or simply a design filling space of rectangle executed in water 
colors or tempera colors. 



Plate Five 
stab binding 

Cut materials according to the measurements given on dia- 
gram. Remove four outside sheets of pad for end sheets. Fold 
the two inside hinges down center on long axis. Spread paste 
on half of hinge and attach to ]3ad. Draw line |/^ in from back, 
and with awl stab one hole in center of hinge through pad and 
as many more holes as are necessary. Sew with linen thread first 
down through center, around and up through top hole, down 
through center, up through bottom hole, and then join thread 
with knot. Draw rectangle 5/W wide lengthwise down center 
of outside hinge. Paste cardboards up to this rectangle on each 
side. Turn upper and lower margins of hinge and attach to 
inside hinge. Spread paste on cover papers and attach to board. 
Cut corners diagonally, turn margins, and paste. Put paste on 
cardboard (not on hinge). Attach hinges to inside of card- 
boards, keeping back edge of book even with back edge of card- 
board. Attach end sheets to inside of cardboards. Two end 
sheets for pad are pasted to cloth hinge only on each side of pad. 

Suggestions for Design. Design may be apphed in stick 
or block printing, rectangle or border design, or printed title with 
marginal lines. End sheets may be of lighter tone than cover 
paper with all-over design executed in water colors or crayon. 
Booklets for school use or school magazines may be bound in 
this manner. The case cover comes flush with the edge in this 
binding, but, if desired, may project J'' on head, tail, and fore 



46 CONSTRUCTIVE DESIGN 

edge. This is desirable on larger binding, as of magazines. In 
binding magazines a lining paper should be pasted to rectangle 
drawn on inside of outside hinge, the width of back of magazine, 
to stiffen hinge and keep in shape. 



Plate Six 

Portfolio for 6''x9'' Drawings. Cut materials according 
to measurements. Rule a rectangle 1'' wide down center, length- 
wise of outside hinge. Rule line on cardboard Ij'' from back 
edge on short axis. Place guard paper up to this line and spread 
IV' wide rectangle with paste. Turn and paste up to 1'' wide 
rectangle on hinge. Turn cardboard and iron out all imperfec- 
tions of hinge with palm of hand. Turn, spread paste on top 
and bottom margins of hinge, and attach to inside of cardboards. 
Spread paste over inside hinge and attach to cover boards and 
outside hinge. Spread cover papers with paste and attach to 
cardboards, lapping hinge 1/16''. Cut corners diagonally and 
attach margins. On each flap rule a line on both sides of paper 
^'' from edge on long axis. Place guard up to this line. Spread 
paste and attach hinge to each flap. Spread paste over J'' rect- 
angle on flap and inside of hinge. Attach the other hinge to flap 
and hinge. Repeat with other two flaps. The double cloth hinge 
adds strength and gives workmanlike finish to project. Rule 
line J'' from edge lengthwise on flap hinges. Place guard up t3 
these lines. Spread with paste. Attach to end sheet, one at 
each side, and one at end. 

Fold one edge of 8''x8'' pocket over 1'' to inside. Open. 
Spread with paste. To strengthen edge insert tape along fold. 
Spread tape with paste. Attach to pocket. Place pocket over 
end sheet, allowing 1'' margin on sides and bottom. Cut cor- 
ners diagonally. Cover margins with paste and attach to back 
of end sheet. Dry under pressure. When both end sheets are 
dry, spread with paste and attach to cover boards, allowing |'' 
margin on head, tail, and fore edge. Place under pressure 
to dry. 

Suggestions for Variations of Problem and Design. The 
portfolio may be constructed without the pocket or may have 
pockets on each side instead of flaps on one side. This is an 
excellent problem for application of design which may be de- 
veloped in a rectangle or border, in water colors, tempera colors, 
or crayon. Lettering may also be used. The word "Portfolio" 



GRADE SEVEN 47 

or "Drawings" may be inclosed in a rectangle with an all-over 
drop repeat design outside of rectangle. This should be of some 
simple motif in neutralized colors suitable for backgrounds. 



Plate Se^^n 

BOXES 

Figs. 1 and 2. Sliding Box or Bogus Paper. Cut on heavy 
lines, according to Fig. 1. The box part needs no pasting. Fold 
sides A and B to the inside. Fold side ends C, D, E, and F to 
the end of the box. Fold G and H over to inside. Place an 
all-over pattern on the case. 

Fig. 3. Small Cardboard Box Covered with Linen. Cut 
a long strip four times the length of side of box, plus ^'' for lap- 
ping at one corner, and J^' wider than the height of box. Allow 
I'' at top and ^ at bottom. Put paste on sides of box. (See 
drawing. ) Cut notches at the corners, on upper and lower edges. 
Fold and paste upper margins to inside of box. Paste lower mar- 
gins to base of box. Cover the bottom with linen the size of box. 
Line bottom of box on the inside. Cut four pieces of thin card- 
board (old post cards are excellent for this purpose) to fit the 
sides on the inside of box. Make cardboards ^'' less than height 
of box. Cover with linen, allowing the linen to turn back on 
the upper and lower edges. Paste linings in place. When fin- 
ished the inner pieces should form a collar, thus giving a founda- 
tion for the cover to rest upon. Cover cardboard for the top. 
Cut a slit in the center. Attach small loop in slit for a knob. 
iVdd lining to the top. 

Fig. 4. Double Box. Cover two small cardboard boxes of 
the same size. Proceed as in Fig. 3 by covering the outsides, 
base, and three inner linings. A, B, C, on each box. Cut a nar- 
row strip of linen for the hinge. Attach to the two boxes on the 
unlined sides with paste. Cover the cardboard lids. Fold under 
the edges D, E, and F, leaving one long flap unpasted. Paste 
a narrow double strip for the knob in the center of the side E. 
Attach lining. JNIake second cover the same way. Paste the 
extended flap on the hinge. Add the lining to the fourth side. 
These boxes should be made so that the covers fit inside the 
boxes, and yet, when finished, are even with the upper edge of 
sides of box. 

A great variety of attractive problems can be worked out 
from this model: handkerchief, jewel, powder, and veil boxes, 



48 CONSTRUCTIVE DESIGN 

hair receivers, etc. Carry out entire set of boxes for bedroom. 
Stencil or block print the covers, or use figured chintz, silk, linen, 
or ribbon. 

Plate Eight 

project fob girls 

Fig. 1. Linen Bag, 8''x10''. Make design by stick print- 
ing and dyes. (First make practice designs on squared paper.) 
Crease the cloth to make a straight line for a guide, while print- 
ing. Make tassels of heavy mercerized floss. The draw strings 
are held in place by crosses on each side. These are made by 
long stitches and buttonholed the entire length of the stitch. 

PROJECTS FOR BOYS 

Fig. 2. Fobs. Collect pebbles, stones, and shells from the 
sea shore and the gravelled road. Bind by copper or German 
silver wire. Round nosed and squared nosed pliers are neces- 
sary for this work. 

Fig. 3. Scare Pins of wire, with or without sets. File end 
of wire sharp for pin point. 

Have the students make various kinds of paper clips. Try 
other original problems in wire. 

Plate Nine 

Book Plate Book Cover. Make book covers for text books, 
carrying out appropriate designs on the front cover and a simple 
book plate on the back. 

Make separate book plates. After one design of book plate 
has been made, a stencil could be cut from which many could be 
reproduced. Have a book plate for each book. An opportunity 
for a great deal of individuality is given in this problem, for a 
book plate design should suggest something concerning the 
owner of the book — his interests, talents, vocation, etc. 



Plate Ten 

Twine Box. Cut materials according to measurements. Bring 
short edges of the IJ'^xlO'' cardboard or bristol board together 
so that thej^ just meet, and fasten with li'' gummed tape. Bring 
the short edges of the 3''xl0|'' thin cardboard together so that 



GRADE SEVEN 49 

they just meet, and fasten them with 3'' gummed tape. With 
narrow strips of gummed tape fasten circle of cardboard, 33'" 
diameter, to top of S'^xlOV'" collar. Cover and line ly collar 
of thin cardboard with Sh'' x lOj:"" paper, allowing J'' margin at 
base of collar on the outside. Crease paper carefully over top 
edge of cardboard and attach to inside of cardboard. In using 
heavier paper, slit the lining paper up to top edge of cardboard. 
This makes it much easier to attach as well as neater in finish. 

Cover 3f cardboard circle with paper .5j'' diameter, pasting 
margin to back of circle and lapping over fullness carefully. 
Spread 3f lining paper with paste and attach to bottom of 
circle, keeping J'' margin even all around. Dry under pressure. 
Cover 3|'' top of box wdth 4 J'' paper circle, pasting margin over 
to side of cover. Paste 34'' x lOf paper to outside of box cover, 
turning margin up on inside of cover and pasting. Paste lining 
paper, 3:]'' in diameter, to inside of top of box cover. Paste 
lining paper, 3''x 10 J'', to inside sides of box cover. Punch hole 
in center of top through which to pull the end of twine. 

Spread paste on outside margin of 1 J'' collar and attach to 
top of base, attaching margin to inside of box. Spread paste 
on 3'' diameter lining paper and attach to inside of bottom of 
box. Let dry thoroughly before placing lid on box. 

Suggestions for Desigx. A circular design to fill space on 
top of box and a border at bottom and top of side cover would 
be pleasing if applied in water or tempera colors. If a more 
simple treatment is desired, broken bands could be used at top 
and bottom of side cover and sX edge of circular top. The card- 
board should be of light weight so as to bend without breaking. 
Oak tag board or bristol board may be used as a foundation. 
Gunmied tape is desirable for this problem, as it holds firmly 
and dries quickly. 

Plate Eleven 

Book Ends. Round the corners of 6''x8" bookbinders' 
board ; cover with 7'' x 9'' paper, leaving even margins. Slash cor- 
ners of paper so that the curved edges of the board can be covered 
neatly. Put under press. Score a line on board 2'' from one 
short edge and bend covered board at right angles (Fig. 1). 
Add strip of gummed tape on uncovered side of board along 
scored hue. This keeps book end in shape and also adds strength. 
If the class is sufficiently experienced, first score the hne on 



I 



50 CONSTRUCTIVE DESIGN 

6'' X 8" board, bend at right angles, attach tape along scored line, 
and then attach 7''x9'' cover paper, keeping board at right 
angles. Line with 5f x 6J" paper. 

Cover 4''x6'' board with 5''x7'' paper. Line with 3|'' 
X 5f paper. Paste this to base of Fig. 1, leaving V on each side 
and f on end (Fig. 2) . Paste the lining to the base. Transfer 
design and paint in opaque colors. JNIake second book end in the 
same way. Vary the problem by changing dimensions of book 
binders' boards and covering with cretonne or plain linen cloth, 
decorated with a stencil design. 



Plate Twelve 

Index Directory. Cut straw^board, 7''xl2'', the shape as 
given in the first diagram on Plate Twelve. Cover strawboard 
with 8'' X 13'' gray paper. 

Cut lighter gray paper the given dimensions and fasten with 
brass staples to the covered strawboard. Cover the heads 
of staples with a circle of graj^ paper which has been spread with 
paste. Attach margin of circle to under side of staple, keeping- 
top smoothly covered. Cover the upper part of strawboard with 
4-i'' X 8'' gray paper, leaA^ing the J'' margins for pasting on the 
sides and upper edge. The lower edge is not pasted. This cov- 
ers the staples. Cut up from the lower edge two lines 1^'' long, 
as indicated by the heavy lines. Make index tabs of gray book 
linen, one for each letter, f x2''. (Notice that the first two 
sheets are the same size.) Paste the tab marked A on the second 
sheet. Add design. 



GRADE EIGHT 



Plate One 

Fig. 1. Laundry or Clothes Pin Bag. (For the clothes 
pin bag, cut measurements in half.) Fold material, 16'|''x 36'', 
in center on short axis. Sew up the side seams. Turn top in 
to fit a coat hanger and sew over and over. Cut opening in side 
toward top and bind with tape. 

Fig. 2. Stocking Bag. Stencil plain material for outside of 
bag. Line with a plain material, repeating one color of the de- 
sign. Use embroidery hoop for rings and wrap with strip of 
lining material. Rings are fastened between cover and lining 
materials, and about two-thirds of the top of the bag plaited on 
them. Turn back corners to outside and tack to bag. 

Fig. 3. Stenciled Table Runner. Work out border de- 
sign, using monogram or initial letter for a motif. 



Plate Two 

BAGS 

Fig. 1. Gray Linen Crash Bag, 7^x9''. Work out de- 
sign on J^' checked paper. Embroider cross stitch border with 
D. M. C. floss, working on the cross stitch canvas. Hemstitch 
sides and ends of crash. Fasten sides by binding the seams every 
half inch (Fig. 1). Twist the blue and white floss for the draw 
strings. These are held in place by the crosses made with long 
stitches of white thread and covered with the buttonhole stitch. 
Add small blue tassels on corners. 

Fig. 2. Slipper Bag, 10|'' x 14''. Fill in design with a run- 
ning stitch. Outline each shape with a dark tone of floss. The 
small crosses are made by cutting narrow strips of brass and 
bending ends back on under side of material. Cut two shapes 
for the front and back of bag like drawings. On sides insert a 
V shape in order to make bag a little wider at the top (Fig. 3) . 
Line with a thin silk. Add tassels and beads at corners. 

51 



52 CONSTRUCTIVE DESIGN 

Fig. 4. Shoe Case. Make a case for right and left shoe, 
each case to consist of a long piece for the back and a shorter piece 
for the front. Bind edges with tape. Stencil monogram on the 
upper flap. 

Plate Three 

METAL 

Etched Copper or Brass. Trunk plates, automobile mono- 
grams, fobs, suitcase and bag markers, hat markers, scarf pins, 
belt and slipper buckles. See Plate Seven, Grade Eight, for tools 
required and formulae for pickle solutions. On y squared paper 
make simple designs relating to contour of the project. After 
a satisfactory design has been made, transfer with tracing paper. 
With wooden mallet, hammer out flat a piece of No. 16 gauge 
copper. Dip into pickle solution to remove oxide. (See Plate 
Seven, Grade 8.) Burnish side on which design is to be placed 
with a fine emery cloth. Place tracing in position on metal, insert 
carbon paper, and trace design. With a steel tracer mark con- 
tour of project, as otherwise this line would be lost when, later, 
asphaltum is burned off. Cover all parts not to be etched with 
asj^haltum, using a round No. 2 Russian Sable brush. This 
requires ver}^ careful and exact work. Keep sharp clean edges. 
Place in etching pickle. (See Plate Seven, Grade 8.) Etch for 
three or four hours. Remove from solution, when etching is 
desired depth, and rinse in clear water. Burn off asphaltum. 
Immerse in cleaning pickle solution. Rinse in clear water. File 
edges. Rub with fine emery cloth, then crocus cloth. By placing 
copper over flame, brilliant coloring will be brought out. For 
dark parts, paint with liver of sulphur diluted with water. Paint 
with a clear lacquer to keep air from tarnishing metal. 



Plate Four 

Paper Lantern. Construct a Pentagon (Fig. 4) as follows: 
Draw a horizontal line, A-B, 2J'' long. Describe a circle with 
A-B as the radius, A as the center. Describe a circle with same 
radius, B as the center. At the intersection of these two circles, 
C, describe a circle. Draw line C-D. In order to determine 
length of side of pentagon,, draw line F-E and continue until it 
cuts a circle at G. Draw A-G. Find B-H in the same way. 
Describe radii with G and H as centers. Draw G-I and H-I. 



GRADE EIGHT 53 

To construct lantern. Use pentagon as the base and the sides 
(Figs. 1 and 2). Add the flaps for pasting. Cut out openings, 
leaving V' margins on all sides except base at the lower half. 
Line with tissue paper and paste flaps together. Cut strip of 
paper, V'x5^'' (Fig. 3). Fold on long axis. Cut on heavy 
lines. Insert as a collar in top of pentagon of the upper half. 

Fig. 5. Make four-sided lantern. Repeat the given diagram 
four times. On the last side allow a I'' flap for pasting. 

Apply design. 

Plate Five 

Tin Lantern. This lantern is made from a coffee can, 4|'' 
X 5^''. Remove top. Invert can over a cylindrical mold of w^ood 
(Fig. 1). Cut wooden mold lengthwise into halves. Insert a 
wedge in center. In this way the mold may be removed easily. 
(The wooden mold can be turned out in the manual training de- 
partment.) Perforate top of inverted can with small holes by 
means of an awl or nail filed to sharp point. Make designs for 
side of can; trace to can and perforate. On a thin piece of tin, 
draw a circle with a radius of 3|'\ Use f of the circle plus ^'' 
for under lapping. Perforate simple design on this circular roof. 
Fasten side of roof together with two brass staples, bending back 
the ends on under side. Cut strip of tin, ^'' x 10'", for the ring 
on top. Make a hole at each end of strip. Place a brass staple 
through the holes and through apex of roof. Bend back ends. 
Cut four pieces of tin, f xl^''. Make a hole at each end and 
fasten by brass staple to roof and can ( Fig. 3 ) . 

Cut pattern for candle holder. Bend into a cylinder (Fig. 5) . 
Place ends through two slits made in lid of coffee can. Bend 
ends back. This lid serves as base of lantern. To light candle, 
remove the base (Fig. 4) . Cover with coat of dull black japalac. 



Plate Six 

Tin Sconce. Draw diagram with T-square and triangle to 
insure correct measurement. Transfer design to the tin by means 
of carbon paper. See that the point C swings back into a quarter 
circle to A. Tack tin to a board. Cut out design with a large 
nail, filed, to be used as a chisel. Make round or straight line 
openings. Cut the long line from D to the point B. On a 
block of wood, with wooden mallet bend at right angles on dotted 



54 CONSTRUCTIVE DESIGN 

lines AA, BC, BB, BC. Next bend flaps F back so that when 
the whole project is folded, they will come flat against the back. 
As tin is very soft, do not hammer directly on it, but put a piece 
of paper between it and any hard surface. Bend the flaps G, 
which go over the wire, at right angles to the front of the sconce. 
This can be done easily in vise. Bend back the two sides, and 
rivet or solder. Bend wire in vise at right angles to fit front 
and sides of box shape. Put the wire in next, keeping tin between 
the wire and the hammer. Hammer the under side of the wire. 
This makes a coil-like finish at top of box shape. Cut out candle 
holder. IMake two slits in bottom of box. Stick flaps through 
and bend over. It would be well to drop a little solder on flaps, 
or rivet. File the sharp corners. 



Plate Seven 

metal desk set of coffee ob beass, eammeeed oe etcheb 

tools required 

1 wooden mallet. 1 blunt nail. 

1 wooden block. Emery cloth. 

1 pair metal shears. Crocus cloth. 

1 coarse file. Asphaltum. 

1 fine file. Lacquer. 

FORMULAE FOR PICKLING SOLUTIONS 

Cleaning Fickle 

10 parts water, 1 part sulphuric acid, | to J part nitric acid. 
Always pour acid into water. Mix in stone jar. Leave metal 
in pickle a minute or two. Use copper tongs in acid. 

Etching Ficlde 

3 parts water, 1 part nitric acid. Etch from two to three 
hours. 

Blotter Corners. Cut four rectangles of copper or brass, 
No. 28 gauge, 2'' x 4''. Flatten metal with wooden mallet. Im- 
merse in pickle and rinse in clear water to clean metal. Make 
design and trace to metal. (See Plate Three, Grade 8.) If 
etched design is used, immerse in acid as directed in Plate Three, 
Grade 8. If hammered design is preferred, place on wooden 
block, and with hammer and blunt nail execute design. Place 
rectangle on wooden block, and with wooden mallet bend corners, 



GRADE EIGHT 55 

making right angle triangle of the rectangle as illustrated. File 
edges. 

IxK Bottle Box. From 5'' square of Xo. 28 gauge copper 
or brass, cut out corners marked X as illustrated. Dip in pickle. 
Rinse in clear water. Flatten metal with wooden mallet. Apply 
design as in Blotter Corners. File all edges. Place on block 
and carefully hammer into shape. 

Letter Box. Cut rectangle of Xo. 28 gauge metal, 5" x 10;^''. 
Clean in pickle. Flatten with mallet. Apply design. Bend 
into shape as illustrated over a block. File all edges. 

Paper Kxife. Cut or saw a paper knife from Xo. 16 gauge 
metal, 2'' x 8''. Utility as well as a pleasing contour of the knife 
should be considered. Immerse in pickle. Rinse in clear water. 
File edges carefully, making the knife bi-symmetric in shape. 
Apply design. Cover all parts not to be etched with as])haltum, 
keeping edges sharp and clean. Immerse in etching solution as 
directed in Plate Three, Grade 8. Clean and finish Desk Set 
as directed in Plate Three, Grade 8. 



Plate Eight 

JNIagazixe Cover. Cut pattern after given measurements. 
Decorate cover by stick or block-printing with an all-over pat- 
tern, or border design (Figs. 1 and 2). An opportunity for a 
variety of decorations is given. 

Work out a panel design (Fig. 3), a stenciled monogram 
unit (Fig. 4), or paint a straight line design (Fig. o), showing 
good divisions of space. 

INlake covers for any size or shaped book and add appro- 
priate designs. 

Plate Nine 

Linen Book Cover. Cut linen, 10'' x 24''. Hem short edges. 
Fold upper and lower margins. Sew pockets as illustrated. 
Make design on 4" squared paper from a naturalistic drawing of 
a gourd. Enclose design in a rectangle and place on cover, keep- 
ing correct marginal spacing. Embroider in satin stitch, using 
red, orange, blue, green, and blue-green. 



56 CONSTRUCTIVE DESIGN 

Plate Ten 

booklets sewed with oe without tape 

Booklet I — Sewed Without Tape. Measure and cut all 
materials. Draw rectangle lengthwise down center of inside 
of hinge, f in width. Attach cover boards to hinge. Rule cloth 
for corners as illustrated in cut. Attach to corners of cover 
boards, allowing 'I'' margins on sides, as ruled. Make pattern 
for outside cover, allowing lap of 1/1 6"" on cloth corners and 
hinge. When pattern is accurate, cut cover paper by it. Attach 
cover papers, pasting margins to inside of cardboards. 

Arrange three sheets one inside the other. This makes one 
section. Place three sections, one on top of the other with backs 
together. Knock up head and back of book, letting any irregu- 
larities go to fore edge and tail of book. Mark back for sewing. 
Pleasure in |'' from head and tail on back and mark for kettle 
stitch. Divide space between these end markings into three equal 
parts and mark for stitches :|/' in length. (See directions and 
illustrations for sewing in Plate Twelve, High School.) Fasten 
thread with bookbinder's knot, as illustrated, keeping under 
thread held just taut enough to admit of small loop being pulled 
up into knot made by upper thread. Fill back with glue. Let 
dry. Cut off outside sheets of booklet IV' from fore edge. 
Spread with paste and attach to cover boards. Spread end 
sheets with paste. Attach to inside of cover boards, keeping 
head, tail, and fore edge margins even. 

Booklet II — Sewed Without Tape. Measure and cut all 
materials. Draw rectangle f wide down center of hinge. At- 
tach cover boards to hinge. Attach cover paper to boards. Fold, 
paste, and attach pencil holder to right fore edge of cover board. 
Make sections of inside sheets. Mark, sew, and glue up back 
as in Booklet I. Cut outside sheets of book and attach to cover 
boards. Attach end sheets. 

Booklet III— Sewed with Tape. Measure and cut all ma- 
terials. Find center of linen from short edge. Draw rectangle 
i" wide down center. Paste i''x3j'' lining paper in this rec- 
tangle. Attach cardboards to linen up to line of rectangle. Cut 
corners diagonally and paste over margins. Make sections of 
inside sheets. Mark for kettle stitch on ends as in Booklets I 
and II. Divide intervening space from end markings into three 
equal parts and mark the width of tape at these divisions. Take 
stitch over tape each time, as in Plate Twelve, High School. 



GRADE EIGHT 57 

Glue up back and let dry. In gluing up the back, use only 
enough glue to fill the cracks thinly, and to hold the back together 
firmly and smoothly. Before gluing pull tapes tight across the 
back of book, keeping an even length on either side of back. 
Glue tapes to cardboard covers. Fold end sheets, spread paste 
on one-half, and attach to cover boards. Spread paste, ^'\ along 
fold on either side and fasten to outside page of book. 

Suggestions for Design. For Booklets I and II. An 
all-over drop repeat design of small motif is best for booklets. 
Design should be applied in crayons. 

Plate Eleven 

Box FOR Booklet III. Measure and cut cardboard. Rule 
cardboard according to illustration, taking line inside of dash 
line on bottom of box, 1/16'', to permit top to close over bottom 
of box. Score lines with knife, cutting out the f squares marked 
X in illustration. Bend cardboard on scored lines. Fasten cor- 
ners with gummed tape. The box is now ready for cover paper. 
Cut cover paper V' larger than the box all around. Cut corners 
carefully as illustrated. Spread paste over cover paper. Attach 
first the top, then back, and bottom of box, carefully ironing out 
all imperfections with palm of hand. Attach front, turning 
the f end margins over on the sides of box. Then paste sides, 
turning all margins to inside of box, and pasting neatly over 
edge of cardboard. Cut lining paper -^ less than cardboard on 
all sides. Spread with paste and attach first to the inside of top, 
then the back, then the bottom of box. Next paste front sides 
of the box, turning marginal ends over to sides; then attach 
sides. Carefully iron out all imperfections before paste dries. 

Suggestions for Variation of Problem. Design should 
not be placed on box. Lining paper may be plain, of a lighter 
tone than the cover paper, and have a small all-over design exe- 
cuted in crayon or stick printing. This box may also be covered 
with the same linen as the booklet and lined with same paper as 
the sections of book. Make boxes to fit books of any size. 

Plate Twela^ 

Writing Portfolio. Measure and cut all materials. On 
outside hinge draw a rectangle V wide lengthwise down center. 
Rule line on cardboards 1^'' from long edge, spread paste, and 
attach to hinge up to line of rectangle. Turn end margins of 



58 CONSTRUCTIVE DESIGN 

hinge. Paste to cardboards. Spread paste on cover papers. At- 
tach to cover boards, cutting corners diagonally and pasting mar- 
gins ( Fig. 1 ) . Cover inside hinge with paste, and attach. Fold 
paper and envelope pocket on lines indicated in illustration. 
Spread paste on inside of upper fold V wide, and attach to inside 
of pocket. Repeat with stamp pocket. Fold pencil holders as 
illustrated. Open, spread with paste, and refold. Paste ends 
together, leaving loop in center large enough to insert pencil. 
Paste pencil holders to inside of cover board so they project be- 
yond back edge of cardboard the width of pencil. Spread paste 
on end sheets and attach left cover board, keeping head, tail, and 
fore edge margins even. Spread paste on inside of one-half of 
side margins of writing paper and envelope pocket and outside 
of bottom margin. Attach to lower part of left end sheet. Spread 
paste on margins of stamp pocket same as paper and envelope 
pocket. Attach to upper part of left end sheet as illustrated. 

Fold calendar cover. Attach calendar to inside. Spread 
back of cover with paste and attach to end sheet, on line with 
stamp pocket as illustrated. Fold blotter ends as illustrated. 
Spread paste on upper third and attach to middle section of 
blotter end. Spread paste on end and side margins and place 
over top and bottom end sheet, attaching margins to back of end 
sheet. Spread paste over back of end sheet and attach to inside 
right cover board. Place under pressure to dry. 

Suggestions for Design. Straight line design, correctly 
spaced as to margins, is of most value in this problem. Execute 
in tempera or water colors. The inside parts of portfolio may 
be of paper in lighter tone than cover paper, or it may be con- 
structed of one-tone paper throughout. 



HIGH SCHOOL 



Plate One 

DESK SET 

Blotter Pad. Measure and cut all materials according to 
diagram. Spread cover paper with paste. Place cardboard on 
cover paper, keeping margins same on all sides. Cut corners of 
cover paper diagonally and attach margins to back of cardboard. 
Fold blotter ends. Paste the If side rectangle to center rec- 
tangle. Place on cardboard as illustrated. Spread paste on 
margins and attach to back of cardboards. Repeat with other 
end. Spread paste over lining paper. Attach to back of card- 
board, keeping |'' margin on all sides. 

Waste Paper Box. Measure and cut cardboards as directed 
in illustration. Cut cover papers V larger than cardboard 
around sides and top, and li'' larger at bottom. Cut lining 
papers ^'' smaller than cardboard on top and sides, and Ij" 
larger on bottom. Spread paste on cover paper. Place card- 
board on paper, keeping margins as directed. Cut two upper 
corners diagonally and paste two sides and top margins to back 
of cardboard, leaving bottom free. Cover three other cardboard 
sides in same manner. Cover 7'' x 7'' cardboard for bottom of box. 
Spread paste on side lining papers. Attach to sides, keeping y 
margins on sides and top. Paste bottom margins to inside of bot- 
tom of box. Spread paste on bottom lining paper and attach to 
bottom. Punch holes in sides as illustrated. Lace with cords 
and fasten them on the inside of box, so that the cord will be as 
inconspicuous as possible. 

Scratch Pad. Measure and cut all materials. Rule rec- 
tangle J'' wide, down center, on long axis of hinge. Paste card- 
boards to hinge up to this rectangle. Cut corners diagonally and 
paste over margins. Fold pencil holder and attach to lower right 
cardboard. Fold margins of paper pocket. Paste down top 
margin to pocket. Place on lower end of lining paper. Cut 
lower corners off diagonally. Spread paste on margins and 
attach to back of lining paper. Spread paste over back of lining 
paper and attach to inside of cover boards, creasing paper with 

59 



I 



60 CONSTRUCTIVE DESIGN 

finger nail in against edge of cardboards, and pasting to hinge. 
Dry under pressure. Cardboard back of scratch pad should be 
slipped into paper pocket. Paste paper band over top of pad to 
cover commercial band. 



Plate Two 

DESK SET (Continued) 

Letter Box. Measure and cut cardboard back, bottom, and 
front, as illustrated. Place back on 7 J'' x 6|'' cover paper and cut 
to shape of top of cardboard back, allowing f margin on all 
sides. Place cardboard back on lining paper and trace around 
edge carefulty. Then cut Y' within lines at top and sides. Paste 
cover to cardboard back, cutting corners diagonally and past- 
ing over all margins except bottom one. Spread paste on 
bottom cover paper, 3:^'' x Tf. Attach to bottom cardboard. Cut 
corners diagonally. Paste over margins. Spread paste on lining 
paper, 6f x2i'', and attach to bottom. Score with sharp knife 
the 2y line on front cardboard and bend sides back at right 
angles. 

Place front cardboard, 4jxl0f , on cover paper, llj"x6". 
Cut to shape of cardboard, allowing f margin all around. Place 
front cardboard on lining paper and trace around edge. Cut all 
around on this line except at top. Rule another line ^'' in from 
top line, and cut on this line. Spread front cover paper with 
paste and attach to front and sides of cardboard, keeping sides 
bent at right angles to front, on scored line. Cut corners diago- 
nally and paste top margin only on front and sides. Spread 
paste on front and side lining paper and attach to cardboard, 
leaving the J'' margin at top edge and keeping sides bent at right 
angles. Spread paste on side margins of front cardboard and 
attach to unlined side of back cardboard. Spread paste on lining 
paper for back and attach to back, inside of box. Spread paste 
on bottom margins of front, side, and back cardboard. Attach 
to top side of bottom cardboard, placing back of box flush with 
back edge of bottom cardboard and allowing margins on sides 
and front of bottom cardboard. Cut lining paper, 5j''x2|", 
and attach to bottom of inside of box to cover the margins 
attached to bottom. 

Ink Bottle Box. Cut materials according to given dimen- 
sions. Cut and paste cover and lining papers to the cardboards 
as in Letter Box. These measurements fit a regulation ink 



HIGH SCHOOL 61 

bottle. If ink bottle should be of different size adjust measure- 
ments to bottle used. 

Pex Tray. ]Measure and cut all materials according to 
dimensions given. INIeasure and cut out V-shape corners of card- 
board. Score on lines f '' from all sides. Turn up sides so that 
corners just meet, and fasten with f strip of gummed tape. 
Fold cover paper on lines indicated in illustration. Spread with 
l^aste and attach to pen tray, lapping corners and pasting mar- 
gins to outside bottom of tray. Cover blotter with paste and 
attach to bottom of tray. 

Calendar jNIount. INIeasure and cut all materials accord- 
ing to dimensions given. Spread cover paper with ])aste and 
attach to cardboard. Cut corners diagonally and attach margins 
to back. Spread paste on standard cover paper and attach to 
standard. Cut corners and paste margins to back, except the 
margin at narrow end of standard, which should be left free. 
Attach lining to standard, leaving narrow end margin free, as in 
the cover paper. JNIake slit in lining paper. Slip in end margins 
and paste to inside of lining paper. Spread paste on lining paper 
and attach to back of mount. Cut paper the width and twice the 
length of calendar pad. Fold in center on short axis. Paste 
calendar to inside of this paper and attach to mount, keeping 
correct marginal spacing. 

SuGGESTioxs FOR VARIATION OF PROBLE]\r. Other pieccs 
may be added to this desk set if desired, as : Twine Box, Grade 7, 
Plate Ten; Book Ends, Grade 7, Plate Eleven; Index Directory, 
Grade 7, Plate Twelve. The application of more advanced 
design makes these problems valuable for High School. 

4 

Plate Three 

Case Bound Magazine Cover. Measure and cut all mate- 
rials according to dimensions given. Rule rectangle, V in width, 
on outside hinge, down center on long axis. Attach cardboards 
to hinge up to this line. Attach cover paper. Attach inside 
hinge. 

Fold one long edge on pocket and spread with paste. Insert 
tape, and attach to pocket. Place pocket on end sheet, allowing 
1'' margin on head, fore edge, and tail. Cut corners diagonally. 
Spread paste on margins, and attach to back of end sheet. Repeat 
with other end sheet. Spread paste on end sheets and attach to 
cover boards, pockets opening toward inside hinge. Place under 
pressure to dry. 



62 CONSTRUCTIVE DESIGN 

Suggestions for Design. This design is developed from a 
naturalistic drawing of the moth, divided into parts and used as 
a corner design, correctly spaced and connected with straight 
marginal border lines. This measurement fits most of the popu- 
lar magazines. The measurements may be adjusted to fit any 
magazine or paper bound book. 



Plate Four 

Lantern of Cardboard. On cardboard, 9''x23^", lay off 
four panels, 5f x 9". Make decorative landscape design. Trace 
design and cut out openings with a sharp knife. Place cardboard 
on heavy piece of glass or cardboard while cutting. Score on 
light lines. Line with tissue paper. 

Cut out roof. Score and bend sides of roof. Paste sides 
together with gummed tape. Paste one-half of gummed tape, 
l"x5|'', to upper inside edge of each panel. Set the roof in 
place. Paste other half of gummed tape to the inside of the roof, 
keeping all outside margins even. When finished, the pasting 
does not show from the outside. On T' x 7'' base, draw f '' margin 
on one side. Cut cloth hinge l''x5f". Fold on long diameter. 
Paste one-half of hinge to base on marginal line. Paste other 
half to inside lower edge of one panel of lantern. On opposite 
edge of base, make two small loops of wire. On corresponding 
panel, make two wire hooks to fasten to the base. Cut cardboard 
oblong, with small opening, for link by which to hang the lantern. 
Fasten by a fine wire. Paint the lantern black. 

Plate Five 

kodak books 

Fig. 1. Book Cloth or Paper Bound Book. Measure 
and cut all materials according to diagram. Spread paste on 
cardboard and attach to book cloth or paper cover, keeping mar- 
gins even on all sides. Cut corners diagonally. Spread paste on 
margins and attach to back of cardboards. 

Design cover for book — ^keeping good space relation of tapes. 

Cut slits to insert tapes in cover boards. Keep boards under 
pressure until dry. Fold the twelve sheets, 84''xl2'', on short axis 
down center. Place in sections of two sheets each. Place sec- 
tions one on top of the other. Knock up head and back of book. 
Measure J" in from either end for kettle stitch. Measure in from 



HIGH SCHOOL 63 

kettle stitch for the placing of the four tapes according to design 
as drawn for cover board. Fasten tapes to sewing frame as 
marked on back of book. Before sewing, pierce each section as 
marked. 

Seaying. Begin sewing at right, and continue first in, then 
out, and around tape, then in, etc., as illustrated. See Plate 
Twelve, High School, for illustration of kettle stitch. 

Place book between cover boards and insert tapes in slits. 
Bring the two middle tapes through first slits only, and paste to 
inside of cover board. Have the other two tapes come through 
second slits, and leave ends 4'' long. These ends are decorative 
and should not be used for tying the book together. Spread paste 
on end sheets and attach to cover boards. 

Fig. 2. Block-Phinted Linen Bound Book. Make cover 
boards as in Fig. 1. JNIeasure slits for leather thongs f in width 
on outside of cover, 1^'' from fore edge and back, and 2'' from 
head and tail. Cut slits as measured through cover boards. Fold 
sheets and place in sections as in Fig. 1. Knock up head and 
back of book. Measure V' in from either end for kettle stitch. 
Measure in from either end 2'\ From this 2'' measurement, 
measure the width of thong, f . Fasten thongs on sewing frame 
and sew as directed in Fig. 1. Place book between cover boards 
and insert thongs in slits. Spread paste on end sheets and attach 
to cover boards. Insert snap and fastener in ends of thongs, 
fastening over upon front cover. 

Suggestions i or Variation of Plate Five Projects. Fig. 

1. This book may be developed in book cloth of dark blue, with 
blue gray paper for the inside sections, and with linen tapes dyed 
blue with water color. If bound in paper, design may be applied 
in tempera or water colors. The space relation of the tapes is a 
valuable problem in design and capable of many variations. Fig. 

2. An attractive scheme for this book is linen, block-printed in 
black, white, and one intense color, as orange. For this combina- 
tion use black for the inside sections, and black leather thongs. 

. Fig. 2 is bound in an Austrian block-printed linen. 

Plate Six 

Portfolio. Measure and cut materials. Draw a rectangle, 
IV in widtli, down center on short axis of outside hinge. Place 
guard S'' from short edge on one end of cardboards and spread 
paste. Attach to hinge up to Ij'' rectangle. Spread paste on 
cover paper. Attach to cover boards, lapping hinge 1/16", and 



6*4 CONSTRUCTIVE DESIGN 

keeping fore edge, head, and tail margins even. Cut corners 
diagonally, and attach margins to inside of cover boards. Spread 
paste on inside hinge. Attach to inside of hinge and cover boards, 
creasing and pasting along two edges of cover boards and to out- 
side hinge. Iron out all imperfections before the paste dries. 

With water colors, dye linen tape the tone of cover paper. 
On outside of cover boards, measure slits for tape 2^" from 
head and tail and V^ from fore edge. Cut with sharp knife 
through cover boards. Slip tape through and paste to inside of 
cover boards. 

Fold pocket paper over V^ on long edge. Spread paste on V 
fold. Insert tape to strengthen edge, and attach to inside of 
pocket. Fold pocket as in Plate Twelve, Grade 8. 

Place on end sheet, keeping head, tail, and fore edge margins 
even. Cut corners diagonally. Spread paste on margins and 
attach to back of end sheets. Spread paste on end sheet and 
attach to left cover board. Spread paste on the f wide rectangle 
of the llf flap. Attach llf hinge to flap, overlapping flap f'^ 
Spread paste quickly over S^'xllf hinge and attach to other 
side of flap and hinge, carefully ironing out all imperfections. 
Repeat with other side hinges and flap, and end hinges and flap. 
Spread paste on inside of end sheet f back from edge on head, 
tail, and fore edge. Attach hinges to end sheet. Spread end 
sheet with paste and attach to right cover board. Dry under 
pressure. 

Suggestions fou Design. Make marginal border design, 
using tempera or water colors. Keep correct marginal spacing. 
Above the center, print the word "Portfolio.^^ 

Plate Seven 

coveeed boxes 

Hat Box. Paste sheet wadding on the outside of the four 
sides and the cover of hat box. 

Fig. 1. Cover the four sides with one long strip of chintz, 
allowing enough to fold over on the upper and lower edges and 
one end. Put paste only on the edges. Cut cardboard size of 
base. Line with wadding. Cover with silkoline. Paste on bot- 
tom of inside of box. 

Fig. 2. Cut four pieces of cardboard the size of the sides. 
Cover and attach to inside of box. The silkoline of the sides 
could be plaited in, plaiting and pasting over edges at the same 
time. 



HIGH SCHOOL 65 

Fig. 8. Cover the top of box with one piece of chintz. Allow 
enough material to turn back and cover the four inner sides. 
Cover cardboard for lining of top. Paste in place. 

Small Covered Box. Cover candy box that has an inside 
collar (Fig. 1). Remove the inside collar (Fig. 2), and cover 
with one strip of silkohne, covering botli sides and allowing ^" 
to turn back. Place inside the box. Cover cardboard the size 
of base of box and paste in the bottom of box. Cut V shape from 
two corners A and B of cover. Paste loose end to box (Fig. 4) . 
Strengthen hinge with strij) of silkoline. Paste sheet wadding 
on top of cover. Cover remainder of box with one piece of 
chintz. Cut corners as for cover paper in Plate Ten, High 
School. Before pasting inside collar, turn in edges of chintz. 
Xotice the small triangular shape (C) of the chintz which is 
pasted to the inner collar. Paste inner collar in place. Cover 
cardboard for lining of tlie top and paste in place. 

]Many variations of this problem can be made. Cover boxes 
with stenciled material, block-printed cloth, or wall paper. 

Plate Eight 
writing portfolios— linen bound 

Measure and cut cardboards and outside linen cover. Rule 
rectangle, Ij'' wide, down center, on short axis of linen cover. 
Spread paste on cardboards and attach to linen cover up to line 
of rectangle. In putting paste on cardboard, work quickly, as 
cardboard absorbs paste rapidly. Cut corners off diagonally ^'' 
from corners of cardboard. Spread paste on margins and attach 
to inside of cardboard. Spread paste on hning paper hinge, 
l|''x8'', and attach to linen inside hinge, 2^''xSi'\ Turn and 
attach top and bottom margins to paper lining. Spread paste 
on inside hinge and attach to outside hinge and cover boards, 
pasting carefully to the edge planes and hinge between boards. 
Place under pressure and leave until dry. SjDread paste on lining 
paper end sheets, oJ"x8'', cutting corners diagonally and attach- 
ing margins to lining sheets. 

Cut and line envelope and postal card pockets according to 
diagram. Attach top margins to inside of pocket. Place 
envelope pocket under postcard pocket and fold ^'' margins to 
inside of envelope ])ocket. Place on lower part of left end sheet, 
keeping the folded 1'' margins between pockets and end sheet, 
and attaching f " margins, sides and bottom, to back of end sheet. 



66 CONSTRUCTIVE DESIGN 

Spread with paste and fold strap for stamp book. Make slits in 
center of upper half of left end sheet as illustrated. The width 
between slits should be 2'\ The length of strap on outside from 
slit to slit should be the width of cover of stamp book (2"') pljis 
width of back (^'') plus ^'\ Place end sheet under pressure and 
leave until dry. 

Fold and paste pencil holder. Line center rectangle of strap 
fastener with manila paper. Spread with paste. Snip down top 
margin. Fold over to inside of strap. Fold and attach side mar- 
gins. Place under pressure and leave until dry. 

Attach strap fastener and pencil holder to center of right 
cover board. Attach clasp to center of strap and snap to center 
of fore edge of front cover board, being sure that measurements 
are accurate before inserting clasp. On linen writing pad pocket, 
6f X 8^'', fold and attach top margins to inside of pocket. 
Spread margins with paste and attach to back of right end sheet. 
Place under pressure and leave until dry. 

Stamp Book. Paste lining paper, 4<^^^xS'\ on inside of 
linen cover. Cut corners and paste over margins to inside. Fold 
three sheets of waxed paper, 2|'' x 4'', on short center axis. Place 
sheets one inside of the other to make one section. Fold stub of 
waxed paper, l'^x2f , down center on long axis and place out- 
side of section. Open to center of section. Pierce center, and J'' 
from each end. Sew, tying thread on inside of section. Spread 
stub with paste and fasten to covers. Fold colored end sheets 
on center short axis. Spread paste on one-half of end sheet. 
Attach to covers. 

Pad Covers. Place lining paper on linen cover, 6'^x9|''. 
Cut lower corners diagonally. Paste over bottom and side mar- 
gins. Spread paste on blotter, 4f x 7f . Attach to inside of 
cover, leaving ^'^ margin on bottom and sides. Place on pad, 
keeping bottom and sides flush with pad. Spread top margin 
with paste and attach to top and back of pad. Slip pad card- 
board back in envelope on end sheet. 

Suggestions for Design. Design developed from a natural- 
istic drawing to fill a rectangle and embroidered in analogous 
or complementary color scheme on natural colored linen, makes 
a most attractive cover. Block printing, with water colors applied 
to block, is equally attractive. It is more interesting to divide 
this problem, having the girls embroider a design, developed from 
a naturalistic drawing of some flower, and the boys develop a 
block-print design from the same flower, the block print to be 
applied in marginal border. 



HIGH SCHOOL 67 

Plate Nine 
limf leather bound book 

Directions for Construction of Leather Cover. The 
cover of the book is the width of the back, plus ^" on either side, 
plus the width of each side of the book. The length of the cover 
is the length of the book. A margin of f must be allowed on 
all sides for pasting to the inside of cover. Rule a rectangle f '' 
wide down center. Rule a second line ^'' from rectangle and 
parallel to it. From this line and parallel to it, draw a third line 
the \^ddth of book from this on either side. This leaves the %" 
margin on sides. Draw line the width of cover f do^Mi from 
upper edge. Take the measurement of length of book and draw 
a line parallel to this line. This gives diagram of book cover, 
back, sides, and margins. 

Cut lining paper the width and length of large rectangle. Do 
not paste lining paper to cover, but paste margins of cover over 
on lining paper. Spread paste on back of book and attach to 
cover. The leather must be the thinnest of skiver to do this 
without skiving on lines at edge of lining paper and on all sides 
where cover turns; also on corners. If leather is of medium 
weight skiver, it must be slightly skived wherever it turns an edge, 
and at corners if rounded. Corners may be rounded or squared. 
If squared, cut diagonally and paste over as in previous problems. 

Blank Books Sewed on Tapes (See Plate Twelve). Paste 
tapes of book to outside sheets of book. Cut sheets off to Ij'' 
In width. Paste back of book to leather, and IV' stubs to lining 
sheets. Fold end sheets in center on short axis. Spread paste 
on one-half and attach to cover, keeping ^'' margin on head, 
tail, and fore edge. Spread paste |'' on other half of end sheet, 
the length of end sheet, and attach to book. Dry under light 
pressure. 

The artistic series of paper bound Keppel booklets are most 
attractive bound in the limp leather. 

Plate Ten 

Handkerchief Box. Measure and cut all materials. Cutout 
corners on bottom and top of box. Score lines with sharp knife 
and bend over at right angles. Fasten sides of bottom and top of 
box together with gummed tape. Fold cover papers as illus- 
trated. Spread paste on inside of bottom cover papers. Attach 
to bottom of box, carefully ironing out all wrinkles and air bub- 



68 CONSTRUCTIVE DESIGN 

bles. Paste long sides of box, attaching margins at end to short 
sides of box. Attach short sides of box. Paste margins over 
edge of box to inside of box. Attach cover paper to top of box- 
in same manner. Attach hning papers to top and bottom of box. 
Crease carefully into edges and corners, pasting smoothly to top 
and bottom, then sides. Score the cardboard collar, bend at right 
angles, and place inside of bottom of box. See that it fits exactly. 
Remove from box and attach cover papers to both sides and top 
edge of collar, keeping corners turned at right angles. It is 
easier to fasten the collar together at the loose corner with 
gummed tape before covering. Spread paste on inside of sides 
of bottom part of box. Slip collar in and attach to sides. Allow 
it to dry before placing top on bottom of box. 

Suggestions for Variation of Problem. This box should 
be covered with a toned paper and may or may not have design 
applied. It should be lined with a paper lighter in tone and more 
intense. This box may be made in any shape, a long narrow box 
for neckties or gloves, a square box for veils or large handker- 
chiefs, a small box for jewelry, etc. Partitions may be inserted 
by fastening to collar with gummed tape before covering. 



Plate Eleven 

Recipe Box. Cut cardboard as illustrated. The dash lines, 
along the edge of box, indicate that the box is cut ^'' inside these 
lines to admit of the lid fitting the box. Score on light lines on 
outside of box except side drop II, which is scored on inside of 
box. Bend box into shape. With 3|'' gummed tape fasten edges 
of side I and end I together. With 3f gummed tape fasten 
edges of side I and end II together. With 2 J'' gummed tape 
fasten edges of side II and end I together. With 2 J'' gummed 
tape fasten edges of side II and end II together, leaving side drop 
II free. Reinforce with 5'' tape along scored line of side drop II 
and side II. With 1^'' gummed tape fasten together edges of side 
drop I and end drop I. With lr|/' gummed tape fasten together 
edges of side drop I and end drop II. 

Cut cover paper as illustrated, folding on lines as marked. It 
is wise to cut pattern of practice paper, as the thickness of card- 
board and paper varies. Spread paste over inside of cover paper, 
top, drops, and side I. Attach top to top of box, ironing out all 
imperfections while pasting. Next attach side I, then side drop 
I, end drops I and II, turning margins and attaching margins 



HIGH SCHOOL 69 

of side I to ends I and II, and attaching other margins to inside 
of box. Spread paste on side II and side drop II. Attach 
bottom, then side II, and then drop II, pasting paper in care- 
fully along line where side drops, and keeping side drop II in 
upright position while attaching cover paper. Paste margins of 
side II to ends I and II and other margins to inside of box. 
Spread paste on ends I and II. Attach to ends of box and mar- 
gins to inside of box. 

Cut lining papers. Fold on lines as illustrated. Spread with 
paste and attach to box, beginning with top, then side and end 
drops, then side I, bottom, and side II, pasting margins of sides 
I and II and bottom to ends I and II. Spread paste on end 
lining papers and attach to ends. 

Index cards may be purchased or made, according to the 
amount of time to be spent on this problem. They are SV' b}/ 
4|'', with index margins on top r|'' wide. Place index at the left 
side of one-third of the number of cards; in center of one-third 
the number; and on the right side of one-third the number. In 
index space print the title of the recipes as soups, meats, vege- 
tables, salads, etc. Recipes are to be written on cards, 3^'' x 4^'^ 
and inserted back of the index card to w^hich they belong. 

Suggestions for Design. For utility this problem should 
be executed in dark cover paper. The lining may be of more 
intense color and the cards of cream oak tag board. Design may 
or may not be applied to top of box. If applied, adhere to very 
simple structural design and execute in tempera colors. 

This index box may be used for many purposes: bills, class 
notes; as textiles, biology, chemistry, etc. 

Plate Twelve 

bookbinding 

One-Half Ci;Oth Bound Book. Measure and cut all mate- 
rials. Fold all sheets down center on short axis and all stubs 
down center on long axis. Place a stub outside of each sheet and 
fasten with a little glue at top and bottom. Place a stub on all 
but two sheets. Insert one sheet and stub within another sheet 
and stub, making a section of two sheets and two stubs on all but 
the first and last sections which have no outside paper stub. 

Rule the two inside cloth hinges (l^'xllf/') \'' from one side 
on long axis. Fold on this line, the right side of cloth, to inside of 
hinge. On outside sheet of end sections rule a line lengthwise -|" 



70 CONSTRUCTIVE DESIGN 

from fold. Spread paste on this |'' rectangle and attach inside of 
^'' rectangle of hinge. Place sections on top of each other, keep- 
ing sections with cloth hinges on top and bottom. Knock up head 
and back. 

Sewing. Divide book into four equal sections, beginning 
J'' from either end. Cut v-shaped notches on marks J'' from 
either end, on all sections except the first and last. On the 
three inner markings, set off width of tape with pencil. Knock 
up head and back of book. Place book on table, back of sewing 
frame, head to right, and fore edge toward bookmaker. Cut 
three tapes 5'' long and place on sewing frame with thumb tacks, 
according to measurements on back of book. (See illustration.) 
Reverse first section of book on sewing frame, back of section 
now toward bookmaker. Place left hand around sewing frame 
and between center leaves of section; with needle in right hand 
pierce a section according to marks on either side of tapes and 
J'' end kettle stitches. With threaded needle in right hand begin 
to sew from right end through to middle of section, allowing an 
end for tying later. With left hand take the needle and put out 
through the next hole. With needle in right hand take thread 
over tape and through next hole to inside of section. With left 
hand return needle through next hole out. With right hand take 
needle around tape into next hole, and so on to end of section at 
the left. 

Reverse the second section to sewing frame. Pierce pen- 
cil markings. Start to sew from left and proceed as in sec- 
tion one. Draw thread tightly, always pulling in the direction 
to which one is sevv ing, otherwise the paper will be torn. When 
finishing the second section, tie the two sections together at right 
end kettle stitch, with bookbinders' knot, as illustrated in Plate 
Ten, Grade 8. Reverse the third section to sewing frame. Pierce 
section as marked. Sew through first two holes. With needle 
take up thread of other two sections over tape in kettle stitch as 
illustrated, and proceed with sewing, kettle stitching every three 
sections together over tapes. Proceed to end of section three 
and kettle stitch end of section to preceding section two. Kettle 
stitch each section to preceding section each time at markings 
J'' from either end in order to hold sections together. Continue 
sewing of sections, kettle stitching together at ends each time, 
and kettle stitching over tapes in sections of three. Fasten at 
^end with bookbinders' knot. Trim thread, allowing an end of 
J''. Apply a good coat of glue to fill the back of bq^k. Use only 
enough glue to fill back evenly and thinly. Dry under pressure. 



HIGH SCHOOL 71 

Plan for Coyer of Book. On hinge rule rectangle the 
width of back of book and length of cover boards, f by 12''. 
^'' from the 12'' lines, rule lines parallel to these lines. Place 
guard 1^" from long edge of cover board and spread paste on this 
rectangle. Attach cover to hinge up to line jj" from rectangle. 
Repeat with second cover. Paste a rectangle of manila paper, 
I" by 12", to rectangle drawn on hinge. Spread paste on mar- 
gins of hinge and attach to insides of cover boards. Cut cor- 
ners as in Plate Ten, Grade 8, according to measurements. 
Attach to corners as illustrated. Cut pattern for cover paper, 
lapping cloth corners and hinge 1/16". When accurate, cut 
cover paper by pattern. Spread with paste and attach to cover 
boards, turning margins and attaching to inside of cover boards. 
Glue tapes to inside hinges on book and cut off at edge of hinge. 
Spread |" side of hinge with glue and attach to cover boards, 
keeping back of book against rectangle of outside hinge. Spread 
paste on end sheets and attach to inside of cover boards, keep- 
ing margins even. This makes an excellent scrap book and may 
be used by the class to mount designs. 

Suggestions for Design. Make an all-over drop repeat on 
outside covers, using a small motif developed from a naturalistic 
drawing or a geometric design. Execute in water colors or 
tempera colors. 

One-Half Leather Bound Book. Measure and cut all 
materials. Sew as in previous problem. Draw rectangle on 
leather hinge. Draw line |" from rectangle to which cover 
boards are pasted and a line across top and bottom of hinge to 
which edges of cover boards come. Draw lines on leather cor- 
ners, as illustrated in Plate Ten, Grade 8. Place leather with 
right side against smooth stone or heavy glass surface, and with 
skiving knife very carefully skive or scrape thin pieces of leather 
on lines drawn on leather and all edges of leather. This is for 
turning edges neatly, that in pasting leather to cover boards 
there may be no visible bulge where leather ends and paper or 
cloth cover begins. After skiving leather thin enough to turn 
easily, attach cover boards to hinge and corners to cover boards, 
as in half -cloth bound books. Cut cover paper or cover cloth 
after making pattern, as in previous problem. Glue book to 
cover boards and insert end sheets, as in previous problem. 

Suggestions for Variation of Problem. Behind old 
books. Remove cover boards. If super is torn, take off and 
replace with new super. Clean edge of book with sand paper. 
Replace old head bands with new. Cover back with lining paper, 



72 CONSTRUCTIVE DESIGN 

letting paj^er come to extreme upper and lower edges of head 
bands. Attach super and lining paper to book with glue. jNIake 
new cover, half-cloth bound or half -leather bound, as desired. 
Paste book to cover boards. Fold end sheets. Paste one-half to 
cover boards and |'' from back on outside sheets of book. If the 
back of the book is in bad condition it should be taken apart care- 
fully, section by section, and resewed on tapes. Magazines may 
be bound in this way, but must always be resewed on tapes. 
School magazines for the Library or Art Department are made 
durable by binding in this manner. 



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